Ss Chapter 3

Front 1

indo-europeans

Back 1

a group of seminomadic people who came from the steppes

Front 2

steppes

Back 2

dry grasslands that streched north of the caucaus

Front 3

caucus mountains

Back 3

mountains between the black and caspian seas

Front 4

indo-europeans job

Back 4

primarlily pastoral people-herded cattle, sheep, and goats

Front 5

how can historians tell where different indo-european tribes settled

Back 5

by the languages they spoke

Front 6

migrations

Back 6

movements of a people from one region to another

Front 7

what group migrated for an unknown reason?

Back 7

indo-europeans

Front 8

what are some reasont the indo-europeans might have migrated from their homelands in the steppes?

Back 8

1. the lands where their animals grazed might have dried up
2. tried to escape from invaders or disease
3. population might have grown too large to feed

Front 9

Hitties

Back 9

group of indo-european speakers

Front 10

anatolia

Back 10

a huge peninsula in modern-day turkey that juts out into the black and mediterranean seas
-high rocky plateau rich in timber and agruculture

Front 11

where did the hittites live?

Back 11

anatolia

Front 12

what was anatolia also called?

Back 12

Asia Minor

Front 13

Hattusas

Back 13

capital of anatolia

Front 14

what kind of government did the kitties havve and what did it become?

Back 14

-city states
-came to form an empire

Front 15

what did the hittite empire dominate?

Back 15

south west asia:
babylon

Front 16

hitties struggle w/ egypt over control of northern syria

Back 16

neither were able to win so they signed a pece treaty agreeing to help each other fight invaders

Front 17

akkadian

Back 17

language of the babylonians the hitties conquered that they used for international use when not using their own indo-european language

Front 18

where did the hitties borrow ideas from?

Back 18

babylonians

Front 19

hitties war technology

Back 19

superior chariots and iron weapons

Front 20

aryans

Back 20

indo-european people who crossed over the northwest mountain passes into the indus river valley of india

Front 21

vedas

Back 21

sacred literature of the aryans that tells about their life
-four collections of prayers, magical spells, and instructions for performing rituals
-at first was passed down orally

Front 22

rig veda

Back 22

most important part of the vedas
contains 1028 hyms devoted to aryan gods

Front 23

what does aryans mean in aryan language

Back 23

the nobles

Front 24

waht did aryans call the indians and why

Back 24

dasas, meaning dark

Front 25

did aryans have a writing system?

Back 25

no

Front 26

3 social classes of the aryans?

Back 26

1. brahmins 2. warriors 3. peasants or traders

Front 27

brahmins

Back 27

priests

Front 28

what group eventually formed as a 4th class?

Back 28

non-aryan laborers or craftsmen (shudras)

Front 29

varna

Back 29

skin color aryans depended on how they reated the fourth group

Front 30

what were the social classes of the aryans called

Back 30

castes

Front 31

what did caste determine?

Back 31

who you could marry, the work you did, with who you could eat

Front 32

"untouchables"

Back 32

ppl who were not of ritual purity

Front 33

magadha

Back 33

a major kingdom of the aryans that emerged from fighting for power
it took over the surrounding kingdoms

Front 34

mahabharata

Back 34

-reflects the struggles that took place in indian as the aryans moved south
-poem of the great wear between two sets of cousins, pandavas and kauraas
lonngest poem in the world
-conversation

Front 35

hinduism

Back 35

when the forms of religion of the aryans and nonaryan formed together

Front 36

who founded hinduism

Back 36

no one

Front 37

Upanishads

Back 37

hindu writing of teachers comments on the hidden meaning of the veda hymns
written as a dilalgoue between student and teacher

Front 38

moksha

Back 38

hinduism-a state of perfect understanding of all things when you understand the relationship between atman and brahman

Front 39

reincarnation

Back 39

rebirth-when an individual soul or spirit is born again and again until moksha is achieved

Front 40

karma

Back 40

a soul's good or bad deeds

Front 41

how does karma influence reincarnation?

Back 41

it follows from one reincarnation to another, determining a caste one if born into, health, wealth, etc.

Front 42

Brahman

Back 42

the world soul

Front 43

Brahmans personalilites of 3 gods

Back 43

1. brahma (creator)
2. Vishnu (protector)
3. Shiva (the destroyer)

Front 44

3 different paths of acheiving hindu moksha

Back 44

1. right thinking
2. right action
3. religious devotion

Front 45

who founded jainism?

Back 45

mahavira

Front 46

what do jains believe about the universe?

Back 46

that everything in the universe has a soul and so should not be harmed..doctrine of nonviolence

Front 47

what were the jains occupation and why?

Back 47

trade and commerce..occupation that would not harm any creature

Front 48

why dont jains send out missionaries

Back 48

they preach tolerance of all religions

Front 49

siddhartha gautama

Back 49

founder of buddhism

Front 50

bio of siddhartha

Back 50

-father kept him at home bc a prophecy said that hed become a great ruler
-married and had a son
-left when he was 29
-saw suffering and wanted to stop it
-searched the forest for 6 years seeking enlightment
-meditates under a tree for 49 days and says he understands the cause of suffering in the world

Front 51

enlightenment

Back 51

wisdom

Front 52

Buddha

Back 52

what siddhartha was known as when he founded enlightment
means "enlightened one"

Front 53

Four Noble Truths

Back 53

four main ideas that the buddha had understood in his enlightment
1. everything in life is suffering and sorrow
2. the cause of all suffering is peoples selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of the world
3. the way to end suffering is to end desires
4. the way to end desires is to follow the eightfold path

Front 54

eightfold parth

Back 54

the middle way between desires and self-denial:
right views, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration

Front 55

nirvana

Back 55

the buddha's word for the release from selfishness and pain

Front 56

what parts of hinduism did the buddha accept and what did he not accept?

Back 56

accepted reincarnation, that the world is created and destroyed over and over
did not accept caste system or gods

Front 57

in what important way are hinduism and buddhism similar?

Back 57

final goals: moksha (Hindus) and nirvana (buddhism)
-chain of reincarnation

Front 58

sangha

Back 58

buddhist religious order..first 5 monks who heard the first sermon
eventually spread to the entire religious community instead of just monks and nuns

Front 59

3 jewels of buddhism

Back 59

nuddha, the law, the community

Front 60

buddhism jobs

Back 60

beggers

Front 61

how did buddhism spread?

Back 61

missionaries and traders

Front 62

minoans

Back 62

power seafaring people who dominated trade in the eastern mediterranean

Front 63

crete

Back 63

large island on the southern edge of teh aegean sea where the minoans lived

Front 64

what kind of art did minoans have?

Back 64

pottery, swords, figures, and vessels of precious metal

Front 65

Knossos

Back 65

minoan capital city named after king minos

Front 66

king minos

Back 66

had the maz and the half human half bull monster minotaur

Front 67

what told a lot oabout the minoans?

Back 67

wall paintings

Front 68

what does artwork depict about minoan women?

Back 68

they held a high rank than in most neighboring cultures

Front 69

what did minoans sacrifice to their gods?

Back 69

buls, animals, and sometimes maybe humans

Front 70

how did the minoan civilization end?

Back 70

unsure
maybe: a) natural disaster
b) overpopulation
c) overrun by invaders

Front 71

why could it have been a natural disaster?

Back 71

they received many others before, possibly earthquakes and then volcani eruptions

Front 72

phoenicians

Back 72

most powerful traders along the mediterranean after crete's decline

Front 73

phoenician government

Back 73

wealthy city-states

Front 74

where was phoenicia

Back 74

area now known as lebanon

Front 75

what were the phoenicians good at?

Back 75

remarkable hipbuilders and seafarers

Front 76

what were the phoenicians the first to do?

Back 76

vneture beyyond the strait of gibraltar and maybe even sailing around africa

Front 77

what were the phoenicians known for in trade?

Back 77

their purple dye

Front 78

what waas phoenicia great legacy?

Back 78

their phoenetic alphabet..writing system

Front 79

how was phoenician trade upset?

Back 79

they were conquered by assyrians and then came under control of the babylonians and then the persian empire of king cyrus I

Front 80

how did indian traders use nature to travel?

Back 80

used other monsoon winds

Front 81

Palestine

Back 81

where the pheonicians and hebrews lived

Front 82

canaan

Back 82

area of palestine that was the ancient home of the hebrews

Front 83

torah

Back 83

first five books of the hebrew bible
tekks some real stories and some not real

Front 84

abraham

Back 84

first jew
first prohpet "father" of betew people

Front 85

what did the torah tell about abraham?

Back 85

god told him to move to canaan

Front 86

yahweh

Back 86

hebrew god

Front 87

covenant

Back 87

mutal promise between god and the founder of the hebrew people
-abraham promised to obey god and god would protect him and the hebrews

Front 88

moses

Back 88

led the jews out of slavery in egypt

Front 89

2nd covenant

Back 89

god promised to pretect the hewbrews and they promised to keep gods commandments

Front 90

what did the hebrews do after they left egypt?

Back 90

they roamed the desert for 40 years and then went back to canaan after the death of moses

Front 91

12 tribes

Back 91

tribes lived in separate territories and were self governing

Front 92

woman of the hebrews

Back 92

ccould not officiate at religious ceremonies
raised children

Front 93

judges of hebrews

Back 93

would unite tribes and provide judicial and military leadership during a crisis
chosen by god

Front 94

Israel

Back 94

kindom of the hebrws united undder 3 kings: saul, david, and solomon

Front 95

king david

Back 95

united the tribes, established jerusalem as a capital, and founded a dynasty

Front 96

solomon

Back 96

built a trading empire w/ help of phoenicia, beautified jerusalem, and temple

Front 97

why did the kingdom of israel divide into two?

Back 97

-solomons projects required high taxes, men were foreced to labor on temple
caused much discontent

Front 98

two kingdoms

Back 98

north - israel
south - judah

Front 99

tribute

Back 99

peace money paid by a weaker power to a stronger

Front 100

who did israel and judah pay tribute to and why?

Back 100

to assyria-hoped to assure that their empire wouldnt attack, but they did anyway

Front 101

ahimsa

Back 101

nonviolence to all living things

Front 102

puranas and ramayana

Back 102

hindu writings