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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what was the empire called that constantine made constantinople the capital of?
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the new rome
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justinian
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high-ranking byazntine nobleman who became emperor of the eastern empire
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procopius
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court hjistorian who wrote a gossip book called the secret history about justinian
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what did justinian do to unite the west and east
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became head of the whole roman empire-east and west
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belisarius
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justinians best general who he sent to recover north arica from the vanls and rome from the ostrogoths
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what lands did justinians armies win?
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nearly all of italy and parts of spain
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how did the byzantine emperors rule?
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with absolute power-had control of church and state-appointed bishops
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what language did most byzantines speak?
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greek
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what christian church did most byzantines belong to?
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the eastern branch
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justinian code
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a body of civil law written by a panel of 10 legal experts and pased on roman laws
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what were the four works of justinians code?
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1. The Code-contained nearly 5000 roman laws
2. Digest-quoted and summarized opinions of romes greatest legal thinkers about law 3. Institues-textbook that told law students how to use the laws 4. Novellae (New Laws) |
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what were some of the areas the justinian code regulated
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mariiage, slavery, property, inheritance, women's rights, and crimes
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Hagia Sohpia
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church that was destroyed in constaninople that justinian rebuilt
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what building project did justinain take on
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rebuilt constantinoples fortifications
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what does hagia sohpia mean in greek
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"holy wisdom"
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WHAT DID THETY DO NEXT?
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emperor heraclus reorganized the empire along military lines. provinces became themes, or military districts, each run by a general whoo reported directly to the emperor
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who did constantinople fall to and when?
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ottoman turks in 1453
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saint basil
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wrote rules for the life of monks
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sant john chrysostom
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BISHOP of constantinople and patriarch
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patriarrch
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leading bishop of the east
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what emperor banned the use of icons?
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emperor leo III
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why did he do this?
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he thought the use of icons amounted to idol worship
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icons
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religious images used by eastern chrstians to aid their devotions
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iconocleasts
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people in the army who broke into chruches to destroy images
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how did people react
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the people rioted and the clergy rebelled
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how did the pope in the west become involved?
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supported the use of icons
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what did one pope do to one byzantine enmperor bc of the icons being banned?
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ordered the excommunication of the enpror
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how were icons restored to eastern churches?
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an order from an empress named theodora restored icons to eastern churhces
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what caused the eastern and western churches to be permantely divided?
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the pope and the patriarch excommunicated each other in a dispute over religious doctrine
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schism
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permantely split of the roman catholic church in the west and the orthodox church in the east
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differences btween language of 2 churches
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roman catholic church in the west-services conducted in latin
eastern orthodoz-conduccted in greek or local langauges |
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differences in heads
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roman caatholic-pope has authority over all other bishops
eastern orthodoz-patriarch and other bishops head church as a group |
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difference in authority of heads
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RC-pope has authoity over all kings and emperor
EO-emperor has authority over patriarchs and other bishops |
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heads marry differences
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RC-priests cannot marry
EO-priests can marry |
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divorce differences
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RC-no divorce
EO-divorce allowed under certain conditions |
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saint methodius and saint cyril
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eastern missionaries who worked among slavs and invented an alphabet for them
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cyrillic alphabet
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alphabet for the slavs
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slavs
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thhe people from the forests north of the black sea
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what ideas did the slavs absorb?
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greek byzantine ideas
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where did russian culture come from?
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the blending of slavic and greek traditions
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what are the 3 great rivers in russia
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dnieper, don, and volga
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varangians/rus
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bands of adventurers, most likely vikings, whocame from the north and settled among the slavs
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what kind of political unity did the slavs have at first
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none
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novgorod
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russias first important city founded by viking chief rurik
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chief rurik
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viking chief who founded novgorod and according to legends was invited by the slavs to be their king
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the primary chronicle
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a history of russia written by monks in the early 1100s
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Oleg
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nobleman from novgorod who moved south to kiev
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kiev
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city on the dnieper river
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why was kiev a good place to move?
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vikings could sail by river and sea to constantinople to trade
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whaty did kiev grow into
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a principality
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principality
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small state ruled by a prince
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what happened as kiev grew into a principlality?
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viking nobles intermarried w/ their slavic subjects and adopted their culture
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boyars
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nobles in the kiev society
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who was the first member of kievan nobility to convert to christianity
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princess olga
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did he son acccept christianity?
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no
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vladimir
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olgas grandson who sent teams oout to observe the major relgions of the times -convined vladimir to convert to byzantine chrsitianity and make alll his subjects convert too
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what church did they convert to
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orthodoz
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what does the rise of kiev mark he appearance of?>
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russias first important unified territory
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how did vladmir lead the way to establshing kievs power?
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expanded the state west into poland and north almost to the baltic sea
fought off ttroublesome nomads from the steppes to the south |
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Yaroslav the wise
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vladmirs son who
a) married off his daughters and sisters to kings and princes of western europe-helped establish trading alliances b) created a legal code that mostly dealt w/ crimes against property |
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3rd thing he did
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built the first library in kiev
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when ddid the decline of the kievan state start
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when yaroslav died
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what error did he make
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he divided his realm among his sons instead of following the custom of passing on the throne to the eldest son-sons tore the state apart fighting for territories-system of dividing continued and causes more problems
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mongols
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ferocious group of horsemen from central assia who came to russia
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genghis khan
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mongol leader and one of thje most feared warriors of all tme
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possible reaons mongols came to russia
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1. economic or military pressures
2. lured by wealth of cities to the west |
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why did they have a reputation for ruthless brutality
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savage killing and bruning
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what did the mongolsdo to viev?
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attacked and demolished it
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batu khan
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genghis kan who led the mongols in destorying kiev
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official name of the mongol empiree "
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"khanate of the golden horde"
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WHAT DOES THIS MEAN
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khanate-kingdom
golden-royal color of mongols horde-camp |
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what did the mongols tolerate
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allll religions
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how did church leaders explain mongol occupation
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punishment for peoples sins
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whatgained importance in the church at this time for people toescape their painful political relaties
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icons
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what two things did the mongols declare from the russians
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1/ slavish obedience
2. massive amounts of tribute |
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who collected tribute in order t keep their titles
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local nobles
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alexander nevsky
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novgorods prince and military hero who advised his fellow princes to cooperate with the mongols
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daniel nevsky
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his son
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what did the mongols cut russia off from
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western europe
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what new center of power rose at this time
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moscow
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how did the mongols help to unite russia?
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kievan russia had been a collection of small independent principalities but mongols looked upon russia as their unified empire
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what was the head of the mongol empire called
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khan
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what was moscowlocated near
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the three riveres: dnieper, volga, and don
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Prince Ivan I
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prince of moscow who earned gratitude of the mongols by helping to crush a russian revolt against mongol rule
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what did this get him
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mongols appointed fim tax collector of all the savic lands they conquered
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what title did they give him?
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"great prince"
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what did ivan convince the patriarch of kiev to do?
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to move to moscow
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Ivan III
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married the niece of the last byzantine emperor and began calllling himself czar-rebellled against mongols and made final break with them
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how did he rebel against the mongols
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refused to pay their tribute
was about to fight w/ them but neither side wanted to but this marked russias liberation from mongol rule |
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czar
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russian version of caesar
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durko
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people living west of the chinese borders that might have been the turks.-nomads that herded animals
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what did the abbassids do when they first noticed the military skills of the ruks?
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began buying turkish children to raise as slaves, train as soldiers, and eploy as bodyguads
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mamelukes
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turkish military slaves that became a powerful force in the abbasid empire
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why was this a bad time for foreign influence for the abbassids?
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they kept losing significant amounts of territory
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what happened to the abbassid eimpire in 945?
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persian armies moved into baghdad and put an end to he caliphs political power
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what power did the caliph continue
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continuted as a religious leader of islam
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a large number of what people moved inot the abbassid empir around 970
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seljuks
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seljuks
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one of the first of these migrating turkish groups
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what religion had the seljuks converted to?
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the sunni branch of islam
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what did the seljuks do in 1055
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attacked and captured baghdad from the persians
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battle of manzikert
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turks crushed the byzantines
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toghril beg
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founder of the seljuk dynasty who chose teh persian city of isfahan as the capital of his kingdom
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how else did the turks favor persians
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appointed them gov't mofficials
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vizier
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turkish prime minister
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Nizam al-mulk
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a persian who served as vizier under malik shag
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malik shah
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one of te most famous of seljuk sultans
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what did turks get from the persians
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-looked to them for cultural and relgious gudiance in islam
-adopted to persian language |
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shahs
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name for seljuk rulers bc of the persian word for king
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Jalaludin rumi
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islamic poet
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isfahan
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city malik shah beautififed with mosques
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what caused the almost complete disappearnce of the arabic language from persia
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the turks political and ultural preference for the persians
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who was the last of the strong seljuk leaders
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malik shah
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what happened after he died?
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no capable shad could replace him so the seljuk empire disintegrated into a lose collection of minor kingdoms
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the crusades
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the series of military campaigns where the west launched a counterattack against the turks
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Pope urban II
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launced the first crusafe in 1095
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first crusade
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christians from western europe drove turks out of anatolia and recovered jerusalem where they establsihed a latin christian kingdom that lasted about a century
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saladin
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kurdish captian from a fragment of the seljuk empire who recovered jerusalem from the muslims
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what eventually happened to end this?
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saladin and his western opponent king richard I of england signed a truce that gave jerusalem to the muslims but granted western pilgrims access to christian holy placces
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what new threat to tturkish power came next?
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the mongol army led y genghis khan
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what did genghis's grandson hulagu do?
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toook baghdad and killed tens of thousands of people
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who shaped the biggest land empire in history?
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genghis khan and his successors
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why did their vast empire crumble in just a few generations?
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they knew little about adminterstering their territory
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what term means "nobles"
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boyars
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which people attacked and demolished kiev?
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the mongols
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which group of invaders proably founded novgorod and later sttled in kiev?
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vikings
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who createed a legal code for kiev that emphasized and protected property and commerce?
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yaroslav the wise
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which russian prince and military hero was declared a saint of the russian orthodox church for his heroics and his protection of the church>
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alexander nevsky
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the abbassids were rulers of what empire?
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muslim empire
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3 things the mamelukes were
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1. originially slaves
2. trained as soldiers 3. a powerful force in the abbassid empire |
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in 945, when the perisans conquered bahgdad, the powr to govern was assigned to the
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vizier
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seljuk culture was influenced most by what culutre
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arabic culture
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malik shad was the last strong, effection
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seljuk leader
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