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24 Cards in this Set
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Enclosure Acts |
were a series of United Kingdom Acts of Parliament in the 18th and 19th centuries which enclosed open fields and common land in the country, creating legal property rights to land for commercial do to new profits being created from the agricultural revolution. This prevented the lower-classes from having access to public pastures and land for farming rotations. People were forces to sell their livestock and move to cities in search of a way to make a living, such as mining or factory work. |
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Luddites |
consisted of members of the working class of Britain and industrializing countries in the early 19th century. Luddites would go on rampages, smashing machines or campaigning against these privately owned machines because they threatened their jobs Luddism would lead to workers’ organizations to help protect and unite the working class and their wages. |
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Congress of Vienna |
was a conference of ambassadors from European nations in 1814 that met in response to the effects of the Napoleonic wars. The congress was directed by Austria’s Prince Klemens von Metternich and was in intended to address three principles. The first regarded legitimacy: the right of former rulers to regain lost positions. The second principle was compensation to nations that had sacrificed lives and resources in the conflict. The third principal was balance of power: an effort to maintain peace by not allowing any one nation to become strong enough to impose the will of other or to dominate Europe as Napoleon had. The borders of Europe would be redrawn. Metternich would also enact the Congress System, persuading the congress to continue to meet periodically throughout the future to address problems to prevent wars and revolutions. |
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Peterloo Massacre |
Took place in England in 1819 at a peaceful workers’ rally intended to teach workers to unite. Thousands walked off jobs to attend the rally which upset factory owners who requested the rally be disappeared. Due to Luddism, the majority of the public felt the working class feared progress but after the military killed and injured many people, journalists reported the event. The reports changed public opinion and led to reform acts that helped working conditions and widened political participation. |
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Garibaldi |
was an Italian Nationalist that organized people, conducted guerilla warfare, lead insurrections, and largely inspired Cavour in Italian unification. In 1860, Garibaldi would sail to Sicily and launch a revolt for the conquest of Naples and the Papal States; then meeting up with the Piedmont army and successfully uniting the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. |
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Liberalism/Conservatism |
Conservatism in the 19th century provided the ideas to refute Enlightenment and revolutionary principles. It held the belief that the legitimacy of hierarchy resting in God and tradition. Equality was deemed incorrect, the elite equipped to rule, and the belief that the rising middle-class would fragment society. 19th century Liberalism drew on promises of the French Revolution and the Enlightenment. It encouraged a society that promoted individual freedom. It opposed the dominance of society and politics by monarchs, aristocrats, clergy, and government’s arbitrary interference in liberty. |
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Nationalism |
is an intense devotion to one’s own cultural and linguistic group and to its embodiment in a unified, independent state. The concept was initially born in 1780, reacting to the widespread emulation of French ideals, suggesting that each nationality was uniquely rooted to their language, literature, customs, and culture. This idea stirred great pride amongst people and would culminate with the unification of both Italy and Germany in the second half of the 19th century, but would also lead to oppression, exclusion, and forced assimilation. |
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Irish Famine |
resulted from a potato mold in Ireland in 1846, leading to food shortages and starvation. When the Irish petitioned for help, the British Parliament concluded that it was not their responsibility to feed the people, regardless of the massive overstocks of wheat they had been holding to regulate food prices. Many Irish were forced to migrate to survive and Ireland would not regain its previous population for 150 years. |
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Reform Bill of 1832 |
as the middle-class began to gain wealth and numbers they added weight to expand the right to vote. With fears of the July Revolution in France, The liberal Whigs in Britain believed that moderate reforms would preserve elite institutions from revolutionary change. The bill did not grand universal male suffrage but it lowered property qualifications so upper-middle class men could vote and redistributed electoral districts to the underrepresented cities. The struggle to pass the bill also enabled the House of Commons to gain power over the House of Lords, ending a long era of landed aristocratic dominance. |
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Women’s Suffrage |
The strongest women’s suffrage movements arose in Great Britain in the early 20th century led by Pankhurst and Fawcett. They formed organizations, presented petitions, and pressured politicians. They were ridiculed and met with stiff resistance so they began to resort to arson, assaults, bombings, and hunger strikes. Women would slowly gain the right to vote in various European countries between 1906 and 1970. |
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Florence Nightingale |
was a celebrated English social reformer, originally from Florence, Italy. She came to prominence for her efforts while serving as a nurse during the Crimean War in 1853. High death rates resulting from the war was largely attributed to disease and inadequate care which inspired her to professionalize the practice of nursing. Her efforts led to better health care and treatment, higher survival rates, and began to provide career opportunities for women. |
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Camillo di Cavour |
was the prime minister of Piedmont who would join the Crimean War to gain support and allies for his nationalist cause to oust Austria in order to unify Italy. He was very influential in inspiring Italian nationalism against Austria and would gain a short term alliance with France. When France terminated the alliance early, Cavour would use his gained momentum and continue his efforts; officially declaring the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. |
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Realpolitik |
was a policy of realism that Otto von Bismarck would pursue during his reign as Prussian chancellor in the second half of the 19th century. He believed that speeches and majority resolution would not solve anything. He, instead, defied liberals, backed the aristocracy, and ordered taxes to invest heavily in military reform. Bismarck believed Prussia’s power would be the definitive factor for the nation’s prosperity, not liberalism. He would use this ideology to unify the German people and turn Germany into Europe’s strongest continental power. |
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Communist Manifesto |
Was co-authored by Carl Marx in 1848, presenting an analytical approach to the class struggle and problems of capitalism and the capitalist mode of production. It theorized that the working class would unite and overthrow the upper classes and create a proletarian dictatorship with a classless social society. It provided a compelling explanation for industrial Europe’s turmoil and a vision for a brighter future for the exploited masses, pitted the rich against the poor in an ongoing class struggles that would help influence social movements. |
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Alexander II |
was the Russian Tsar during the Crimean War in 1853. He attributed the loss of this war to low morale and little nationalism felt by the serf classes of soldiers. To correct these issues he enacted the Great Reforms which included freeing the serfs from their obligations to the land and boyars. However, no opportunities were offered to allow newly freed serfs to become prosperous, resulting in share-cropping and they became economically tied to the land to pay off debts that they could never afford. His efforts to reform Russia into a modern authoritarian state that could command allegiance of its citizens failed. |
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Kulurkampf |
meaning ‘culture struggle’, was Otto von Bismarck’s strike against Roman-Catholics for being insufficient nationalists in 1872. This policy would work to reduce the role and power of the Roman Catholic Church while laws and schools would put pressure on non-German language groups to give up their languages and traditions. Bismarck had unified the Germanic people under Prussia so he began to focus on issues of ethnic division and cultural unity for the sake of German nationalism. |
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Bismarck |
was the chancellor of Prussia during the second half of the 19th century. He would foment wars with Denmark, Austria, and France in order to unify the German states under Prussia. He would use balance of power to maintain German hegemony in Europe and employed realpolitik. Bismarck disliked colonialism but urged European nations to expand outside of Europe to maintain peace; leading to the mass colonization of Africa and Asia. |
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Anarchism |
was developed in Russia in the 19th century and stresses the elimination of any form of authority that impinges human freedom. Its ideologies include that human beings, once freed from corrupting institutions that suppress them, will naturally cooperate with one another. It became influential in Spain, Italy, and France where it appealed to trade unionists, artisans, and agricultural laborer suffering from unemployment and declining wages. |
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Zionism |
was a Jewish national movement that focused on the idea of creating an independent state for Jews in Palestine. This movement would be led by Theodor Herzl, a Hungarian writer, in effort to find a solution for the swelling anti-Semitism being experienced in Eastern and Western Europe in the second half of the 19th century. Herzl’s book, Judenstaat, urged formation of an international movement to make Palestine the Jewish homeland with a socialist community. |
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Paris Commune |
After the Franco-Prussian war in 1870 opening the doors for monarchy to rule again in France. Paris, however, refused to submit to the domination of conservatives and set up its own city government as most upper class had fled the city. The Paris Commune would gain a reputation as a democracy experimenting with Marxism. It stood to decentralize power in France, self-govern, support working-class organizations, and offer greater equality to women. French government troops would lay siege to the city and would end the immediate threat to France’s integrity, although political and social problems would not be put to rest. |
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Boer War |
was fought between 1899 and 1902 when Britain began to colonize South Africa in to help protect their trade routes against German presence in Africa. The existing Dutch colonies did not want to cede to the British. After tough and bitter fighting, the British would win control over the territory and allow the Boers into a partnership. The ensuing government would not permit equality between colored people and the white inhabitance. |
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Origin of Species |
was written by Charles Darwin and published in 1859. Although the idea of evolution was a product of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, Darwin’s book would give the answer to the way in which evolution happens with animals through mutations and adaptations. Although this book did not mention humans, it would lead to ideas of Social Darwinism. |
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Social Darwinism |
through his own work and after reading Darwin’s Origins of Species, Herbert Spencer would coin the term “survival of the fittest”, applying the idea of natural selection to sociology and politics in 1864. Social Darwinism suggests that some humans are more evolved than other, thus, the stronger have the right to take advantage of the weaker for the sake of survival and progress. These ideals would help Europeans justify the mistreatment of other races, imperialism, as well as leading to ultra-nationalism. |
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Spanish-American War |
began in 1898 when the USS Maine sunk in Savanna Harbor in Cuba. Spain was blamed for this which offered a good excuse to declare war. The intent was to assist Cuban independence that the United States was looking to benefit from. By winning the war, the United States began their colonial experience by taking colonial possessions from Spain such as the Philippians and Porto Rico while placing an American friendly dictator in Cuba when public outcry prevented the United State from taking it as a colony, which turned out to be worse for Cubans that Spanish rule. |
