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24 Cards in this Set
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Cardinal Richelieu |
When Louis XIII comes to rule in France, he is very young and did not care for the responsibilities of ruling. Cardinal Richelieu would be appointed his Chief Minister in 1624. Richelieu vowed to ruin the Huguenots, to weaken the nobility, bring subjects to duty, and to elevate France’s name among foreign nations. He would accomplish all of these by consolidating royal power and crushing domestic factions which turned France into a strong, centralized state. Richelieu would set the stage for royal absolutism in France. |
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The Fronde |
was a series of civil wars in France that would immediately precede the 30 Years’ War that ended in 1648. The nobility and the people would revolt separately as the French army dissolved in attempt to check the growing power of the royal government. Louis XIV would oppose the princes, the nobility, the law courts, and most of the French people but would ultimately prevail. The Fronde represented the final attempt of the nobility to vie the king for power. It also provided incentive to establish Royal Absolutism. |
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Versailles |
would become the location in France, about twelves miles outside Paris, that Louis XIV would build his grand palace in the mid-17th century. Louis would use his palace as a tool to grant the nobility privileges without power and to consolidate his rule and influence. The Palace of Versailles would demonstrate France’s power, wealth, and set the pinnacle for Royal Absolutism within Europe. |
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Parliament
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consists of the sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. It is a government structure that the English had been experimenting with throughout the 17th century in which a balance of power attempted to be obtained that allows for every male citizen a representation in government and law making. Parliament represents constitutionalism and would be a striking contrast to Royal Absolutism found throughout the rest of Europe.
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Glorious Revolution
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After Cromwell’s death, the monarchy in England would be reinstated because the English parliament felt they were not ready to govern without a king. After a series of kings that would not cooperate well with parliament and worries of Catholicism rising again in England, the English parliament invited King James II’s daughter, Mary II and her Protestant husband, William Duke of Orange, to invade England and take the crown. In 1688 Mary and William invaded England and James flees. They restored Protestantism, agreed to act as partners with parliament, and agreed that they are not above the law. Constitutionalism would now prevail in England with no bloodshed.
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Treaty of Utrecht
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ended the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713. The war was fought over the Spanish crown with France opposing the Austria and the Grand Alliance. The treaty awarded the Austrians most of Spain's former European realms, but the Duke of Anjou retained Spain, Spanish America, and would renouncing his claim to the French succession. It marked the end of French ambitions of hegemony in Europe expressed in the wars of Louis XIV and preserved the European balance of power.
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Pragmatic Sanction
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was an edict issued by the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VI in 1713 to ensure that the Habsburg possessions of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, and their Italian territories could be inherited by a daughter. Charles VI needed to take extraordinary measures to avoid a succession dispute and although his daughter Maria Theresa succeeded, it resulted in the outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession, which questioned her inheritance due to Salic law and involved most European nations.
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Habsburgs
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were a leading European dynasty who ruled over much of European territory throughout European history that included Spain, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Italy and many colonies as well as the Americas. Their lineage also ruled the Holy Roman Empire from 1526 -1804. They Habsburg dynasty would rival England and France for centuries, vying in European affairs.
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Hohenzollerns
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the House of Hohenzollern is a dynasty of former princes, electors, kings, and emperors of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, Romania and German Empire and rapidly consolidated territory. The family would split into two branches later becoming that of Brandenburg-Prussia. Brandenburg-Prussia would rise as a leading European power under Fredrick William and begin to vie on the world stage with France, England, and Austria with a bolstering army and would influents such conflicts as the War of the Spanish Succession and the Seven Years’ War. |
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Bourbons |
The Bourbon dynasty is a European royal house of French origin. Bourbon kings first ruled Navarre and France in the 16th century and by the 18th century they held thrones in Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Parma. Spain and Luxembourg currently have Bourbon monarchs. Henry IV became the first Bourbon king of France and under Bourbon rule, France would dominate Europe as the wealthiest and most powerful nation through the 17th century and into the 18th century before being deposed during the French Revolution. |
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Prussia |
was a country within the Holy Roman Empire that would begin to expand under Hohenzollern rule and would become a European power under Frederick William in the beginning of the 18th century. Frederick William would begin a powerful military regime in Prussia that's traditions would be held in the region well after the break up of the Holy Roman Empire and into the 20th century. |
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Frederick William |
came to rule as the absolutist King of Prussia in 1713. He established primary schools and resettled East Prussia. He would invest heavily in his army and expand it from ten-thousand to over forty-thousand during his reign. His considerable army reforms within his small territory would rival behind only the French and British armies, yet he rarely used his powerful forces.. His efforts would lead Prussia to become a European power. |
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Seven Years’ War |
was a conflict the began in 1754 and involved most of Europe's great powers. It effected Europe, North and Central America, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The war is known by several names, including the French and Indian war. It was fought mostly over territorial possessions. It would lead to France losing much of its colonial possessions to Britain, as well as heavy debt. Spain, Portugal, and Sweden would remain secondary powers and Prussia would maintain its original state before the war. |
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Philosophes |
were intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment that were influenced by the scientific revolution. They began applying reason to the study of philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues. They looked for weaknesses and failures that needed improvement and began to question the status quo. Men such as Voltaire and Locke would help pave the way for many changes, including the ideas that fueled the French Revolution. |
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Deism |
is a philosophical theory that rejects religious knowledge as a source of authority with the conclusion that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of a single creator of the universe who does not interfere with natural laws. The theory denounces the ideas of spirits, ghosts, magic, superstition, witchcraft, and miracles as they are unexplainable though science. Deism was developed and gained popularity during the scientific revolution in the 17th century by scientific thinkers. |
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Mozart |
was a prolific and influential Austrian composer of the 18th century. He showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood, composed from the age of five, and performed before European royalty. Mozart's music stands as an archetype of the Classical style and pushes the boundaries of musical capabilities that were much in lined with the Enlightenment era. |
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Catherine the Great |
was a daughter of a Prussian prince who would marry Peter III of Russia, She would legally depose her husband in 1762 and ruled as regent to her son, even after he came to ruling age. She made unsuccessful attempts to Enlighten Russia but she would conquer territories from the Ottomans and helped conquer and divide Poland. She is the longest ruling female of Russian and her reign would constitute Russia's golden age. |
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Estates General |
was an assembly of delegates that had the ability to restrict the king’s power and was formed of the three estates of France; the nobles, the clergy, and the remaining 98% of the population. France was facing bankruptcy and Louis XVI summoned the assembly in 1788 in order to reform the tax system, although they had not previously convened in nearly 175 years. The 3rd estate would protest the traditional system that left them with minority vote and would establish the National Assembly, taking the first steps toward revolution. |
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Bastille |
was a fortress built during the 100 Years' War and was later used as a state prison and armory for French kings. Revolutionary sentiments piqued when the king gathered his forces to disperse the National Assembly in 1789, the Bastille was stormed by a revolutionary crowd looking to commandeer gun power. This event marked the beginning of the French Revolutions and the Bastille would be dismantled by that people because it represented the old regime. |
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Reign of Terror |
defines the height of violence during the French Revolution. The Committee of Public Safety, led by Robespierre, had been gained authority to protect France from foreign and domestic enemies. The violence was exacerbated by Marat who had been publishing names in newspaper of “known” loyalists to the crown. By 1794 the committee had sent hundreds of thousands of those suspected of opposing the revolution to the guillotine. Among those beheaded included Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, in effort to rid France indefinitely of the Monarchy so that a new form of government could be born through virtue, by way of terror. |
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Napoleonic Code
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was Napoleon Bonaparte’s codification of French Laws established in 1804. The code forbade privilege based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs and promotions would be awarded to the most qualified. This ensured the integrity of private property while guaranteeing all male citizens equality before the law. This was a major step in replacing the patchwork of the previous feudal laws and stabilizing France after the Revolution. It was the first legal code to be adopted in a pan-European scope and it strongly influenced many countries formed during and after the Napoleonic Wars. |
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Continental System |
was the foreign policy of Napoleon in his struggle against Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. As a response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by Britain in 1806, Napoleon issued a large-scale embargo of his controlled territories against British trade. Britain felt no affect because their control of the seas allowed them to shift to other markets, however, the continental European economies would suffer, ultimately leading to the weakening of Napoleon's coalition. |
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Toussaint L’Ouverture |
Led the slave rebellion is Sant-Domingue in 1791 as the French Colony’s free citizens turned to civil war regarding the changes in France due to the French Revolution. L’Ouverture would later construct a well-disciplined fighting force would ally with France to defend against English and Spanish who threatened his efforts for freedom. As France moved to restore slavery, L’Ouventure would defeat the mother country with aid of disease that infected European troops. His efforts made Saint-Domingue the second colony to break from its mother country. The Haitian Revolution energized an anti-slave movement in Britain which led to Britain banning the slave trade and pressuring other nations to end the trafficking of humans as well. |
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Simon Bolivar
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was a Venezuelan military and political leader. Bolivar played a key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire in the early 19th century. These wars of independence were a result of Spain's weakening power during the Napoleonic Wars and would result in a chain of newly independent countries in South and Central America. |
