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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Voltaire
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(1694-1778)
author of Candide had an affair with Madame de Chatelet |
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Black Comedy
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having fun with/making fun of subjects generally not considered for the use of humor
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The Social Contract
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(1762)
written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau the book in which Rousseau theorized about the best way in which to set up a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society explained rights of people and responsibilities of the king |
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Picaresque
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any kind of story (usually a novel) in which the main character(s) goes on an adventure or journey
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Auto da fe
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"act of faith"
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The Three great evils from which work saves us
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vice, poverty, and boredom
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El Dorado
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the best of all possible worlds
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Pangloss
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Candide's teacher
greek for "all-tongue" believed that all is for the best in this best of all possible worlds philosophical optimism |
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Martin
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opposite of Pangloss
everything is for the bad in this worst of all possible worlds |
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Cunegonde
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a fictional character in Voltaire's novel Candide
She is the title character's aristocratic cousin and love interest |
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geocentric universe
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earth-centered universe
Aristotle believed that the universe was geocentric and static |
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Nicholaus Copernicus
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(1473-1543)
polish man who served the church, practiced math in his free time, and went to the University of Bologna studied Ptolemy's work and decided to express the view as mathematical as well found that math didn't match Ptolemy's universe decided that the earth was not the center of the universe - the sun was |
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The scientific revolution
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(17th century) the dawning of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry transformed views of society and nature
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Galileo Galielei
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(1564-1642) worked in the math department at the University of Pisa
accomplished mathematician discovered the use of glass and optics (technology) which resulted in the first telescope, and therefore the discovery of the plurality of worlds (every planet in the solar system had similar characteristics) |
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Isaac Newton
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(1642-1727) extremely gifted mathematician who did work with optics
also interested in alchemy (magic) and attempted to explain gravity using math The Principia (1687) was a mathematical description of the universe. He believed that the universe was logical - a machine |
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John Locke
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(1632 - 1704) Englishman who lived during the "glorious revolution" (1688-89), and wrote the Second Treatise of Government (1689), which discussed The Social Contract
Also wrote the Essay concerning Human Understanding (1690), which explained that a person's environment determines the kind of person he or she will become discounted the idea of original sin |
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Tabula Rasa
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the idea of innate ideas
literally means "blank sheet" proposed by John Locke - the idea that people are born with a blank sheet and that the environment is what determines the character and personality of a person |
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Privilege
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men of the aristocracy were allowed certain rights that men of the 3rd estate were not
for example, did not have to pay taxes and were allowed to carry a sword, become an army officer, etc |
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Nobility of the Robe
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people who tried to find a way not to pay taxes
French aristocrats who owed their rank to judicial or administrative posts - often bought outright for high sums as a rule, these positions did not grant the holder with a title, but were honorary positions almost always attached to a specific office |
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Louis XIV
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(reigned 1643-1715) known as Louis the Great
was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who rule as King of France and Navarre. His reign of 72 year and 110 days is one of the longest in French and European history left France in major financial strain |
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Marie Antoinette
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(reigned 1774-1793) originally from Austria
arranged to marry Louis XVI in order to solidify a military alliance |
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What is The Third Estate?
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(1789)
every member of clergy had to pledge alliance to the French Nation moral problem the government even began to pay priests, giving it more leverage over what the priests did |
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Jean-Paul Marat
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(1743-1793) believed in freedom of the press
member of the Jacobin Party |
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Recitative
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a style of delivery in which a singer is allowed to adopt the rhythms of ordinary speech
very speech-like minimal accompaniment transition into aria |
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Session of August 4, 1789
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national assembly met all night long and deconstructed privilege, and reconstructed the power system
attempted to legislate away 500 years of history |
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Careers open to talent
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lineage and birthright did not matter as much anymore, if you had the talent to pursue a career, you could
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Civil Constitution of the Clergy
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(1790) every member of clergy had to pledge allegiance to the French Nation
moral problem the government even began to pay priests, giving it more leverage over what the priests did |
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Aria
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any expressive melody, usually, but not always, performed by a singer
the actual song |
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Dance Suite
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(instrumental suite) a group of pieces that can be played one after another for various dances
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Fugue
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a contrpuntal compositional technique in two or more voices, built on a subject (theme) that is introduced at the beginning in imitation (repetition at different pitches) and recurs frequently in the course of the composition
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Affect
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musical devices that illustrate what is happening in the song
i.e. text painting |
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Florentine Cameratta
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also known as the Camerata de' Bardi, was a group of humanists, musicians, poets, and intellectuals in late Renaissance, Florence who gathered under the patronage of Count Giovanni de' Bardi to discuss and guide trends in the arts, especially music and drama
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Ritonello
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("little return") is a recurring passage in Baroque music for orchestra or chorus. The first or final movement of a solo concerto, concerto grosso, or aria may be in "ritornello form", in which the ritornello is the opening theme, always played by tutti, which returns in whole or in part and in different keys throughout the movement
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Concerto Grosso
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a form of baroque music in which the musical material is passed between a small group of soloists (the concertino) and full orchestra (the ripieno or concerto grosso). this is in contrast to the concerto which features a single solo instrument with the melody line, accompanied by the orchestra
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Basso Continuo
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provided the harmonic structure of the music
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Opera seria
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"serious opera"
courtly style of Italian opera that predominated in Europe from the 1710s to c. 1770. The term itself was rarely used at the time and only became common usage once opera seria was becoming unfashionable, and beginning to be viewed as a historical genre. The popular rival to opera seria was opera buffo, the 'comic' opera |
