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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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morality
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a system of values, norms, and rules that regulates the manner in which human beings treat one another
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ethics
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the area of philosophy that deals with questions about morality & assesses the rightness or wrongness of actions and decisions
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moral reasoning
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a decision-making process that requires individuals to use criteria such as moral values, moral principles, and/or the anticipated moral consequences to determine whether a particular action is right or wrong, or whether we have a moral obligation to act in a particular manner
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strategic reasoning
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a decision making process in which the decision made/action taken is based on that which will bring the greatest advantage or reward to an individual or that individual's "in group"
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altruistic
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looking beyond one's own good in determining the right action to take in a certain situation; living for the good of others; doing good and not expecting anything in return
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non-moral reasoning
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does not require that you decide between actions that are morally good or bad, or ethically right or wrong
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decision maker
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person who settles an issue; person who arrives at a judgement or makes a choice; that is athletes, coaches, and athletic managers who are confronted with difficult decisions that call for adherence to a reasoning process or decision-making model to make the right choice
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moral value(s)
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particular traits of characteristics that help people act well toward others, including honesty, justice, kindness, respect, beneficence, and compassion; moral values consist of dispositions that influence one and carry out one's moral responsibilities to others
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moral goodness
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condition of virtuousness; relates to persons and their character traits
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moral dilemma(s)
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a situation that calls for actions to determine which option is morally best
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moral obligation
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moral obligations include moral judgements that people make that affect people's relationships and dealings with one another, and that bring the moral value of their motives, intentions, and character traits under scrutiny
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strategic obligation
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the types of judgement that is arrived at through a process of strategic reasoning that requires people to examine the possible consequences of actions to determine which actions will bring the greatest advantage to them personally, or the group the represent
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consequences of actions
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that which naturally follows an action; a result; moral theories contending that the consequences of actions are the primary element in determining the right action to take in a given situation are consequentialist moral theories; actions taken without the consequentialist moral theory are based on the consequences that will follow
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bracketed morality
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a morality that grants sport participants additional moral freedom when involved in a sporting contest than what is expected outside of sporting contests; allows sport participants to emphasize self-interest related to the goals of sport, more than everyday morality; may be used as a justification by players and coaches to support behaviors within sport that may be questionable by those not operating within its realm
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equal opportunity
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the same chance; participants who compete under the same conditions have equal opportunity to succeed.
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winning at all costs
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placing winning ahead of all else; compromising moral values and sportsmanship in the interest of winning
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egoistic
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self-interested, devoted to own interests and advancements
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argument
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a form of reasoning; a set of statements explaining what a person believes is true and why he or she believes it is true; the content of an argument must be true if the argument is to be strong
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premises
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statements explaining why someone believes something; part of the content of an argument; if the premises of an argument do not firmly support its conclusion the argument will be weak; premises make up a set of claims from which a conclusion is drawn
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conclusion
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statements asserting what someone believes; conclusions are only as strong as the premises upon which they are grounded
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psychological hedonism
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the theory claiming that human beings will seek out actions bringing them the most pleasure and absence of pain
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psychological egoism
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the view that the ultimate aim of each person is her or her own best self interest
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consequentialism
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contending that the consequences of actions are the primary element in determining the right action to take in a given situation
Batman! |
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hedonism
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the doctrine that pleasure is the most important pursuit in life
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greatest happiness principle
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actions are right based on their creation and promotion of the greatest amount of happiness
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virtues
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values; good qualities; characteristics, attitudes, and habits of action that help people do good things
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social values
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values such as teamwork, discipline, diligence, and leadership; the cultivation of social values alone is not enough to guarantee the fostering of moral reasoning or action
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welfare
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best interests or well-being of a group or individual.
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teleological moral theory
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driven by moral values, rooted in the work of Aristotle; requires that you consider your purpose as a human being by determining the moral values that make up a morally good person
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moral principle
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statements prescribing or proscribing particular types of action
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deonotological moral theory
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a form of ethics that believes actions that are considered "good for me are good for all"; determines what is a right by considering whether an action would be generally accepted if applied to all people; the Golden Rule is representation
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categorical imperatives
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universalizable principles that are good and under which one would want anyone to act
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hypothetical imperative
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principles calling for the action that leads to achievement of a desired state, consequence, or desire
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conventional logic
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the normal tendency of making the necessary arrangements to bring tasks to closure in the most efficient way
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alternative logic
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in sport, the purposeful establishment of an inefficient environment, including the placement of obstacles to overcome, in the way of its participants (alternative to arranging the environment in a way to make achieving the task and/or reaching the goal more efficient) think trash basketball
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mediocrity
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neither good nor bad; second rate; a mediocre sport performance is an average performance
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constitutive rules
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regulations that establish the skills and strategies of the game, impose strict restrictions on specific actions and procedures of the game, and indicate the game objectives & the means by which they may and may not be achieved.
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rule-governed tests
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competitive sport; the fact that competitive sport is governed by standardized rules for all participants, allows for meaningful outcomes and comparisons to take place
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cultures
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environments that are distinguished from one another based on the differences between various groups and societies; sports and acceptable actions within sport vary from culture to culture; that is: some cultures might quietly accept certain rule breaking in the interest of winning whereas others might not
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illegal tactics
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strategies employed or practiced that are against the rules
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ethos
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unique character of a group or social context, usually expressed in attitudes, habits, and beliefs
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process of competition
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course of actions taken when striving against others to win contests
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circumvention of rules
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not blatantly breaking rules but strategically going around them
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ego orientation
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competition that is driven by winning and defeating others
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cheating
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intentionally breaking the rules
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gamesmanship
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looking for any way to possibly gain an advantage, even if doing so involves the art or practice of winning by questionable means without violating or breaking the rules, yet violating the spirit of the rules
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sportspersonship
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demonstrating values through sport participation
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Keating - sportsmanship
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distinction between play (cooperative diversion) and sport (competitive diversion)
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Cooperative Diversion
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play, no winner or loser, all in good fun, diversion from the average.
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Competitive Diversion
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competing to win. diversion from the average
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Freezell - sportspersonship
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sport is an extension of play, bad sportsmanship comes from excessive seriousness or exaggerated emphasis on winning
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winning in perspective
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winning in sport is only problematic when its importance becomes overstated
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Morals
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the beliefs and ideas a person has about what is right and wrong
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ethics
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branch of philosophy that deals with morality and assesses rightness and wrongness
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normative questions
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do not aim to describe accurately some state of affairs as to prescribe how we should act in certain circumstances
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moral reasoning
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the decision-making process that requires individuals to use criteria such as moral values, moral principles, and/or the anticipated moral consequences to determine whether a particular action is right or wrong, or whether we have a moral obligation to act in a particular manner towards others.
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altruistic
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form of reasoning that makes a person look beyond his/her own good in determining the correct outcome
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strategic reasoning
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a different decision-making process that has the objective of acting based on what will reward or bring the greatest advantage to a person, team, school, or organization
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non-moral reasoning
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decision-making process that does not call into question the moral value of motives, intentions, and character traits
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moral obligation
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include moral judgments that people make that affect people's relationships and dealings with one another, and that bring the moral value of their motives, intentions, and character traits under scrutiny
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metaethics
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primary aim is to explain and justify the status of normative ethical claims
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moral relativism
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empirical thesis that there are deep and widespread moral disagreements and the truth or judgments is not absloute, but relative to some group of persons
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moral egocentrism
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the tendency to interpret the sporting world in terms of self. putting one's own interests or the team's interest ahead of others, often to a non-moral end
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integrity
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uprightness of character; being honest; moral balance
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strategic argument
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a conclusion is firmly supported if the premises of the argument clearly explain why a particular action is advantageous
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strategic reasoning decision-making model
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1: describe the moral problem in detail
2: determine your possible options given the circumstances 3: determine which option serves your own best interests 4: engage in action that sereves your own best interests |
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psychological egoism
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wider view that people do act in order to promote some interest of their own but this self-interest need not be a matter of physical pleasure - it could be happiness in some wider sense, or even an ideal like self perfection
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teleological ethical theory
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judges the rightness of an action in terms of an external goal or purpose. consequences always play some part, be it small or large, in the determination
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consequentialism
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one of the theories in teleolgical ethic theory but not all parts of teleological schools of thought Contending that the consequences of actions are the primary element in determining the right action to take in a given situation.
the end justifies the means |
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happiness: john stuart mill
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intended pleasure & absence of pain
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utilitarianism
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universal form of hedonism founded by Mill & Jeremy Bentham
When faced with a moral decision you should select the act that will bring the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people. remember: Batman |
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greatest happiness principle
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actions are right based on their creation and promotion of the greatest amount of happiness
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best interests
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bringing about the most good for everyone involved. alternative to framing good solely in terms of happiness & pleasure
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Act utilitarianism
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what available action works best for greater good
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rule utilitarianism
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what rule promises to deliver the greater good.
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Earle Zeiglers test of consequences
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test of consequences
1. the act that produces the greatest good is right. 2. this act will produce the greatest total good 3. therefore this act is right. does not describe how to reason through moral dilemmas using consequences |
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virtue theory
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a branch of moral philosophy that emphasizes character rather than rules or consequences
remember: Superman |
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virtues
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values; good qualities; characteristics, attitudes, and habits of action that help people do good things
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Aristotle: Cultivating character
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done by instilling and cultivating moral values in yourself and others. Ethical considerations should be concerned foremost with the development of moral character rather than the formulation of moral principles or rules or the calculation of consequences
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Virtues are not skills
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you are not born with this, you have to develop them, either you have them or you don't.
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rules & principles vs values
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always around to guide you, you follow rules out of fear & they tell you how to act.
values: are something inside you helping you decide how to act. |
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social values
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values shared by society that help guide society; if they weren't shared by society, they wouldn't exist.
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deontological moral theory
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focuses on the rightness and wrongness of intentions or motives behind action such as respect for rights, duties, or principles, as opposed to rightness or wrongness of consequences
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deontos
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Greek for duty
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telos
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Greek for purpose
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act deontological
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always figuring out what you must do in a given situation & then action
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rule deontological
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deciding what right and wrong is and then deciding what rules should govern our moral duties to ourselves and others
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Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative
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universal principles that are good and under which any would want to act
eg. golden rule |
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categorical imperatives
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single out the moral must of irrevocable duty
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hypothetical imperatives
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single out the practical "must" out of our revocable desires & wants (i must go to school if i want to be a teacher)
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deontologically based decision-making model
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1: describe moral problem in detail
2: determine options given the circumstances 3: develop a general moral principle based on each option 4: determine universal principles 5: if more than one is universal, prioritize according to moral importance in given circumstances. 6: act on universal principle by your moral reasoning |
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contractarian ethical theory
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moral norms should be rooted in the agreement of all those subject to the constraints & principles they put in place
Rousseau: man is born free but is everywhere in chains. social contract |
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Hobbesian contract theory
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human agents cannot achieve what they want in life without the cooperation of others
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Kant: Contract
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we must act behind a "veil of ignorance" that deprives us of all particular knowledge of our social class
Strip themselves of their previous experiences, reach an answer that someone who does not have your set of experiences could reach. |
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Thomas Hobbes Mutual Dependence
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because of our mutual dependence on others any effort on our individual part to pursue our advantage must involve the cooperation of others (moral contractarian)
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obstacles within sport: conventional logic
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normal tendency of obtaining goals in most efficient way
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obstacles within sport: alternative logic
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in sport, the most purposeful establishment of an inefficient environment, including the placing of obstacles to overcome, in the way of its participants
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Bernard Suits' definition of game
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a voluntary attempt to overcome unnecessary obstacles
elements of game: 1: goals 2: means 3: rules 4: Lusory attitude. |
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Lusory attitude
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strict adherence to the rules
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Suits' sport requirements
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1: game is one of skill
2: skill is physical 3: game must have a wide following 4: must have a level of stability |
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Hastings Rashdall's definition of sport
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overcoming difficulties simply for the sake of overcoming them
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formalism
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name given to a position or family of positions that characterize games in terms of their formal structure (particularly their constitutive rules)
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incompatibility thesis
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cheaters never win & winners never cheat. cheaters fail to make moves within the sport, hence they fail to play it.
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conventionalist view of sport
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seek moral inspiration & guidance not from internal elements of sport itself, specifically its main rules, but from larger society. find "ethos of game"
strategic fouling: not cheating, but is legitimized practice & widely accepted social convention |
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strategic fouling: conventionalist
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not cheating, but is legitimized practice & widely accepted social convention
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Dworkin: law
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law needs to be interpreted in a way that best makes sense and applied coherently.
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Beccaria
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any law that is not systematically enforced every time there is arbitrary enforcement there will be resentment, people will then try to get away with it, and then become angry when they get caught.
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cultures
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environments that are distinguished from one another based on differences between various groups and societies.
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ethos
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unique character of a group or social context exhibited usually in attitude, habits, and beliefs.
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