Sports Biomechanics Final

Front 1

Biomechanics

Back 1

The study of the mechanical aspects of living organisms.

Front 2

Problems that biomechanics can be used to solve

Back 2

How can sporting equipment or sports techniques be altered to enhance performance?
How can sporting equipment or sports techniques be altered to prevent or reduce injuries?
Does stretching before running help or hinder performance?
What lifting kinematics can minimize the stress of lifting?

Front 3

Qualitative analysis versus Quantitative analysis

Back 3

A qualitative analysis pertains to quality without the use of numbers while a quantitative analysis involves numbers.

Front 4

Kinematics versus kinetics

Back 4

Kinetics is the study of forces while kinematics is the study of appearance of motion.

Front 5

Types of equipment used to perform a kinematic analysis

Back 5

Timing devices (stopwatch), velocity measuring systems (radar gun), optical imaging systems (video cameras), accelerometers, inertial measurement units, motion capture systems

Front 6

Types of equipment used to perform a kinetic analysis

Back 6

Force platforms, pressure sensors, electromyography

Front 7

Vector

Back 7

Has magnitude and direction

Front 8

Scalar

Back 8

Has magnitude

Front 9

If given the right angle components of a vector, how would you find its magnitude?

Back 9

By finding the hypotenuse of the right triangle formed by the axes.

Front 10

Units of displacement, is it a vector or scalar

Back 10

Meters, vector

Front 11

Units of distance, is it a vector or scalar

Back 11

Meters, scalar

Front 12

Units of velocity, is it a vector or scalar

Back 12

Meters per second, vector

Front 13

Units of speed, is it a vector or scalar

Back 13

Meters per second, scalar

Front 14

Units of force, is it a vector or scalar

Back 14

Newtons, vector

Front 15

Units of acceleration, is it a vector or scalar

Back 15

Meters per second squared, vector

Front 16

Units of mass, is it a vector or scalar

Back 16

Grams, scalar

Front 17

Units of time, is it a vector or scalar

Back 17

Seconds, scalar

Front 18

Three cardinal planes and examples of movement in each

Back 18

Sagittal - forward and backward movements, such as marching, bowling, or cycling
Frontal - lateral movements such as cartwheels, side kicks, side steps, or jumping jacks
Transverse - rotational movements such as a dancer's piroutte

Front 19

Flexion

Back 19

Occurs when a position made from the joint angle is decreasing, such as an elbow being flexed when the hand is brought to the shoulder.

Front 20

Extension

Back 20

Occurs when a joint angle is increased along the same plane, such as the straightening of a leg

Front 21

Hyperextension

Back 21

Occurs when the extension is beyond 180 degrees, such as when the neck is hyperextended when one looks up to the ceiling

Front 22

Dorsiflexion

Back 22

Occurs when the angle between the dorsum or foot and the leg are decreased so the toes are brought closer to the shin.

Front 23

Plantarflexion

Back 23

Occurs when movement increases the 90 degree angle between the front of the foot and the shin, such as standing on your tip toes

Front 24

Abduction

Back 24

Draws the limb away from the medial sagittal plane of the body

Front 25

Adduction

Back 25

Brings a part of the anatomy closer to the middle sagittal plane of the body

Front 26

Mass

Back 26

A quantity of matter that composes a body

Front 27

Inertia

Back 27

Resistance to change in a state of motion

Front 28

How are inertia and mass related

Back 28

The amount of inertia a body possesses is directly proportional to its mass. The more massive an object is, the more it tends to maintain its current state of motion.

Front 29

Force

Back 29

A push or pull characterized by magnitude, direction, and point of application

Front 30

Units of force

Back 30

Newtons

Front 31

What is a net force?

Back 31

The single resultant force derived from the vector composition of two or more forces.

Front 32

Why do we find the net force acting on a body?

Back 32

A force rarely acts in isolation, it is important to recognize the overall effect from many forces

Front 33

Center of gravity

Back 33

The point at which a body's weight is equally balanced no matter how the body is positioned.

Front 34

Weight

Back 34

The gravitational force exerted on a body

Front 35

Stress versus pressure

Back 35

Pressure and stress are the force per unit of area over which a force acts. Pressure is the distribution of force external to a solid body while stress represents the resulting force distribution inside a solid body.

Front 36

Compression

Back 36

A pressing or squeezing force directed axially through a body

Front 37

Tension

Back 37

A pulling or stretching force directed axially through a body

Front 38

Distance versus displacement

Back 38

Distance is measured along the path of motion while displacement is a change in the location from the directed distance to the initial location.

Front 39

Speed versus velocity

Back 39

Speed is the distance covered over the time taken to cover it, while velocity is the rate of change in position or location

Front 40

Acceleration

Back 40

The rate of change in linear velocity

Front 41

What happens if the acceleration vector is in the opposite direction of the velocity vector?

Back 41

The object is slowing down

Front 42

What happens if the acceleration vector is in the same direction of the velocity vector?

Back 42

The object is speeding up

Front 43

Acceleration due to gravity

Back 43

-9.81m/s^2

Front 44

Projectile motion

Back 44

A body in free fall that is subject to only the forces of gravity and air resistance

Front 45

How do the equations for the horizontal and vertical components of projectile motion differ?

Back 45

The vertical component is influenced by gravity while the horizontal component is not.

Front 46

Angular distance

Back 46

The sum of all angular changes undergone by a rotating body

Front 47

Angular displacement

Back 47

The change in angular position from initial to final position

Front 48

Angular speed

Back 48

A scalar measure of rotational rate

Front 49

Angular velocity

Back 49

The change in angular position

Front 50

Angular acceleration

Back 50

The rate of change in angular velocity

Front 51

Units of angular displacement

Back 51

Degrees, radians, or rotations/revolutions

Front 52

Units of angular velocity

Back 52

Degrees/seconds or radians/seconds

Front 53

Units of angular acceleration

Back 53

Degrees/seconds^2 or radians/seconds^2

Front 54

Newtons laws

Back 54

1st law - Law of inertia - a body will maintain a state or rest or constant velocity unless acted on by an external force
2nd law - Law of acceleration - a force applied to a body causes acceleration of that body
3rd law - Law of reaction - every action has an equal and opposite reaction

Front 55

Reaction force

Back 55

Acts in the opposite direction to an action forcr

Front 56

Ground reaction force

Back 56

Any force exerted on the ground on a body in contact with it

Front 57

Momentum

Back 57

Quantity of motion moving along a body

Front 58

Equation for momentum

Back 58

M = mv

Front 59

Principle of conservation of momentum

Back 59

States that in the absence of external forces, the total momentum of a given system remains constant.

Front 60

Equation of principle of conservation of momentum

Back 60

M1 = M2 or (MV)1 = (MV)2

Front 61

Impulse

Back 61

The product of a force and the time interval over which a force acts

Front 62

How are impulse and momentum related?

Back 62

Because impulse causes momentum

Front 63

Mechanical work

Back 63

Product of a force applied against a resistance and the displacement of the resistance in the friction of the force.

Front 64

Equation of mechanical work and units

Back 64

W=Fd, Joules

Front 65

Energy

Back 65

The ability to do work

Front 66

How are work and energy related?

Back 66

Objects that have greater energy can do more work

Front 67

Equations for potential and kinetic energy

Back 67

Potential = PE = (wt)(ht)
Kinetic = KE = 1/2mv^2

Front 68

The peak of a ball's kinetc energy when thrown upwards

Back 68

Zero

Front 69

The instant impact of a ball's kinetic energy after being thrown upward

Back 69

9.8

Front 70

Static equilibrium

Back 70

A motionless state in which there is no net force or net torque acting

Front 71

Base of support

Back 71

The area bound by the outermost regions of contact between a body and its support surface

Front 72

How to increase a body's stability

Back 72

Increasing body mass and friction between the body and surfaces of contact

Front 73

Moment of inertia

Back 73

Inertial property for rotating bodies

Front 74

How does distributing the mass farther from the axis of rotation affect moment of inertia?

Back 74

Distributing the mass farther from the axis of rotation makes it more difficult to swing an object

Front 75

Angular momentum

Back 75

The quantity of angular motion possessed by a body

Front 76

Principle of conservation of angular momentum

Back 76

Total angular momentum of a given system remains constant in the absence of external torques