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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Accent |
The ways in which words are pronounced. Accent can vary to according to the region or social class of a speaker. Welsh |
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Adjacency Pairs |
Pairs of utterances that commonly occur, such as question answer, introduction-greeting. |
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Clichés |
Something said to indicate someone has little or nothing to say.
that's life |
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Colloquialisms |
Informal words, phrases or even slangs in a piece of writing influenced by the way people speak in society.
hiya, yeah, won't |
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Colloquial idiom |
Phrases that don't serve any communicative function.
In a minute, the thing is, as far as I can see |
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Contraction |
Frequent in spoken language when someone wants to get everything said quickly.
don't, won't, can't, haven't, she's, we'd
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Dialect |
Distinctive grammar and vocabulary associated with a regional or social use of a language. |
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Discourse markers |
Words used to mark boundaries in conversation between one topic and the next.
well, right |
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Ellipsis |
Words missing in an utterance.
You going to the party? |
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False start |
When a speaker begins an utterance, then stops and either repeats or reformulates it. |
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Foregrounding |
Use of grammar or the ordering of words in an utterance to emphasise words or phrases at the end. |
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Formulaic phrase |
Things used to bring one topic to an end and establish a new one.
by the way, incidentally, that reminds me, to change the subject |
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Filler |
Spoken discourse to allow time to think or create a pause.
umm, err |
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Hedges |
Words and phrases to weaken/soften the force of something said.
kind of, sort of, by any chance, perhaps, no offence |
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Hyperbole |
Exaggeration for effect.
on and on and on |
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Idiolect |
Language special and unique to an individual. |
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Interactional talk |
Language in conversation used for socialising. |
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Insertion Sequence |
A sequence of utterances separating an adjacency pair. |
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Neutral topic |
Social equals might use a neutral starting point or opening in a conversation.
talking about the weather |
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Non-fluency features |
Typical characteristics of spoken language that interrupt the flow of talk.
hesitations, false starts, fillers, repetitions |
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Non-sequitur |
Comment absurd to the point of being humorous or confusing as it doesn't really relate to anything in the conversation. |
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Non-standard use of grammar |
Not following rules of grammar.
"We was playing records" |
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Omission/Ellipsis |
Leaving out part of a sentence construction.
"I'm trying to say I think it's wrong" instead of "I'm trying to say that I think it's wrong" |
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Open question |
A question that demands more than a simple yes or no. |
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Overlap |
People talking over each other, usually resolved quickly unless in an argument, where people will shout over each other. |
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Paralinguistics |
Communication through body language.
Raising an eyebrow |
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Phatic talk |
Conversational utterances, like small talk.
"How are you? / "Fine" |
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Pragmatics
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What the speaker is intending with the words. Take the meaning in context as opposed to the literal meaning. "Were you born in a barn?" |
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Periodic Features
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Includes features such as stress, rhythm, pitch, tempo and intonation- which are used by speakers to mark out meanings in a message. How something is said/voice |
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Raised/Falling Intonation
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Raising your intonation to signal that you intend what you are saying is a question, but intonation can be raised or lowered for many reasons. Excitement / Surprise |
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Repairs
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Sentences that are dropped half way through in favour of another.
"So I think that perhaps it's...what I'm trying to say is that I think it's wrong" |
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Supportive minimal vocalistations
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Where a second speaker utters minimal responses to support or acknowledge.
"mmm" "yeah" |
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Tag Question
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Questions that maintain the pace of spoken discourse and ensure that the other is listening.
"do you see?" "y'know?" |
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Transactional talk
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Language to get things done or to transmit content or information for a purpose. "Can I have a cup of coffee please?" "Yes, thats £1" "Great, thank you" |
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Unfinished sentences
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Features of spoken interaction because some thing's don't have to be said, either because of the listener's pre-existing knowledge or because of the paralinguistic aspects used.
"...so I don't...it was just that..." |
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Utterance
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An utterance is a complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence.
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Vague language |
Statements that sound imprecise and unassertive.
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Voiced hesitation |
Repetition or words that allow the speaker to pause without giving up their turn.
"mm" "er"
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