Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves

Front 1

What meninges cover the spinal cord?

Back 1

All three: dura mater, arachnoid, pia

Front 2

What fills the epidural spaces in the spinal cord?

Back 2

fat, blood vessels, and connective tissue

Front 3

Where is the spinal cord positioned?

Back 3

forament magnus to L1 L2

Front 4

The end of the spinal cord is called what?

Back 4

conus medullaris

Front 5

What is the cauda equina?

Back 5

The complex that includes the filum terminale and the long ventral and dorsal roots that extend caudal to the conus medullaris. Looks like a horse's tail

Front 6

Where does the cauda equina exit?

Back 6

Sacral foramina

Front 7

What is the filum terminale?

Back 7

Ligament that tethers conus medullaris to the sacral vertebrae via the coccygeal ligament and prevents superior movement.

Front 8

What is the conus medullaris?

Back 8

Where the spinal cord tapers to a conical tip at or inferior to the level of the first lumbar vertebra.

Front 9

Spinal cord carries ____ impulses up towards brain and ________ impulses down from the brain.

Back 9

sensory, motor

Front 10

What are the five steps of the reflex arc?

Back 10

1. Arrival of stimulus and activation of a receptor

2. Activation of a sensory neuron

3. Information processing in CNS

4. Activation of a motor neuron

5. Response by effector

Front 11

Where is gray matter found in the spinal cord?

Back 11

Central

Front 12

What does gray matter in spinal cord contain?

Back 12

Mostly cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

Front 13

What is the central canal surrounded by?

Back 13

Gray commissure

Front 14

What is found in the central canal?

Back 14

CSF

Front 15

What is the gray commissure?

Back 15

It is a neuron crossover site

Front 16

What are the three arrangements in the gray matter of spinal cord?

Back 16

Posterior (dorsal) horns

Anterior horn

lateral horn

Front 17

Dorsal root is afferent/efferent

Back 17

afferent

Front 18

Ventral root is afferent/efferent

Back 18

efferent

Front 19

The posterior (dorsal) horn contains _______ __________ fibers and interneurons

Back 19

somatic sensory

Front 20

Anterior (ventral) horn has __________ ____________ cell bodies

Back 20

somatic motor

Front 21

Lateral horn has _________ ___________ and ___________ _____________ neurons

Back 21

visceral sensory, visceral motor

Front 22

The white matter of spinal cord is situated where?

Back 22

Peripheral

Front 23

What is the white matter of spinal cord made of?

Back 23

Myelinated and unmyelinated axon

Front 24

How is the white matter of spinal cord arranged?

Back 24

Lateral column, anterior column, posterior column

Front 25

Each of the columns of the white matter in spinal cord contains

Back 25

tracts

Front 26

What are tracts?

Back 26

Axons that share structural or functional similarities.

Front 27

How many directions can tracts travel in?

Back 27

3 directions

Front 28

Spinal nerves are in ___ pairs

Back 28

31

Front 29

Spinal nerves carry ____ and ____ neurons

Back 29

sensory, motor

Front 30

The spinal nerves are formed through fusion of ___ and ____ ____.

Back 30

ventral, dorsal roots

Front 31

Where do the spinal nerves innervate?

Back 31

Muscle, skin, and glands of neck and body

Front 32

Spinal nerves branch off of ___ ___.

Back 32

spinal cord

Front 33

Spinal nerves split to form ___ ___ and ___ ___

Back 33

dorsal ramus, ventral ramus

Front 34

Dorsal ramus innervates ___

Back 34

back, T1-L2 only

Front 35

Ventral ramus innervates ___

Back 35

sides and front and all plexuses

Front 36

What are the four plexuses?

Back 36

1. Cervical

2. Brachial

3. Lumbal

4. Sacral

Front 37

Lumbar plexus leads ____

Back 37

anterior

Front 38

Sacral plexus leads ___

Back 38

posterior

Front 39

What are dermatomes?

Back 39

The area of the body that is monitored by a specific sensory nerve. Map of somatic sensory innervation.

Front 40

What are autonomic ganglia?

Back 40

Interconnects sympathetic neurons branching from T1-L2 and contains axons and cell bodies of sympathetic fibers

Front 41

What chemical messenger is used in somatic (voluntary) motor division?

Back 41

Acetylcholine

Front 42

What chemical messenger is used in visceral (involuntary autonomic) motor division?

Back 42

1st neuron- acetylcholine

2nd neuron- acetylcholine/n-epi

Front 43

The sympathetic nervous system has ___ pre-ganglionic neuron and ___ post-ganglionic neurons.

Back 43

short, long

Front 44

The parasympathetic nervous system has a ___ pre-ganglionic neuron and a ___ post-ganglionic neuron

Back 44

long, short

Front 45

Back 45

Posterior horn

Front 46

Back 46

Anterior horn

Front 47

Back 47

Lateral horn

Front 48

Back 48

Lateral column

Front 49

Back 49

Posterior column

Front 50

Back 50

Lateral column

Front 51

Back 51

Dorsal root

Front 52

Back 52

Ventral root

Front 53

Back 53

Dorsal root ganglion

Front 54

Back 54

Gray commissure

Front 55

Back 55

Central canal

Front 56

Cervical plexus is made of what nerves?

Back 56

C1-C4 and some fibers from C5

Front 57

What are some major nerves the cervical plexus produce?

Back 57

Hypoglossal nerve, accessory nerve

Lesser occipital nerve

Supraclavicular nerves

phrenic nerve

Front 58

Brachial plexus forms from what nerves?

Back 58

C5-T1

Front 59

Brachial plexus forms what major nerves?

Back 59

Dorsal scapular nerve, suprascapular nerve, lateral and medial pectoral nerve, axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, thoracic nerve, medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve, radial nerve

Front 60

Lumbar plexus is formed from what nerves?

Back 60

T12-L4

Front 61

What major nerves does the lumbar plexus form?

Back 61

Illiohypogastric, ilioinguinal nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, genitofemoral nerve and femoral nerve

Front 62

From what nerves do the sacral plexus come from?

Back 62

L4-S4

Front 63

What major nerves does the sacral plexus form?

Back 63

Gluteal, sciatic, posterior femoral, cutaenous nerve, pudendal, tibial and fibular nerve

Front 64

Back 64

Musculocutaneous nerve

Front 65

Back 65

axillary nerve

Front 66

Back 66

Median nerve

Front 67

Back 67

radial nerve

Front 68

Back 68

ulnar nerve

Front 69

Back 69

femoral nerve

Front 70

Back 70

sciatic nerve

Front 71

Back 71

common fibular nerve

Front 72

Back 72

tibial nerve

Front 73

Where is a lumbar puncture done?

Back 73

Between L3 and L4 or L4 and L5 (right below tip of the spinal cord)

Front 74

What sample is taken from a lumbar puncture and from what exact space?

Back 74

CSF taken from the subarachnoid space (goes through the dura mater)

Front 75

What is an epidural?

Back 75

Catheter is inserted into epidural space and left in place with continuous analgesic (does NOT go through the dura mater)

Front 76

What are the ligaments on the spinal cord that anchors cord laterally?

Back 76

Denticulate ligament

Front 77

The denticultate ligament is composed of ____ and attaches to the ___

Back 77

pia mater, arachnoid

Front 78

How long is the spinal cord?

Back 78

About 18 inches

Front 79

What are some responses of the parasympathetic division?

Back 79

Pupils constrict, increase salivation, decrease heart rate, and increase digestion

Front 80

What are some of the responses by the body by the sympathetic divisions?

Back 80

Pupils dilate, decrease salivation, increase heart rate, decrease digestion