Spinal Control Of Movement

Front 1

components of motor system

Back 1

muscles and motor neurons

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charles sherrington

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mentioned the importance of the execution of actions muscles do.

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can locomotion be possible without the brain?

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yes, because there is certain amount of circuitry present in the spinal cord, which can perform locomotion.

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Sherrington and Graham Brown

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elicited that the rhythmic movement of the hind legs of cat and dog was possible, after severing spinal cord from the rest of the body.

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summation of motor system

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the spinal cord consists of certain motor programs, which are processed, executed and modified by the descending commands from the brain.

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the division of motor control

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a. the spinal cord's command and the control of the spinal cord muscle contraction.
b. the brain and the control of spinal cord's motor programs.

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the two major types of muscles

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striated and smooth

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characteristics of the smooth muscle

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it lines the digestive tract, and the nerves that innervate it are from the ANS. it plays a major role in peristalisis, and the control of blood pressure.

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types of striated muscle

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cardiac and skeletal

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cardiac muscle

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it is the heart muscle. it is involuntary and does not need any innervation. It is innervated from the ANS

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Skeletal muscle

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it is the bulk muscle mass present in the body. it is enclosed in a connective tissue which becomes the tendons at the end of the muscle. it is innervated by the CNS.

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why is it called the somatic sensory system?

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it called so because the skeletal muscle is derived from the embryological 33 somites. thus these cells, and the parts of nervous system coordinating movement are called, somatic motor system

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why is it important

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because it is generated by voluntary control and generates behavior.

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flexion

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the movement in the direction of closing the knife is called flexion

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extension

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the movement in the direction of opening the knife is called extension

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the major flexion muscle

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brachialis, whose tendons insert into humerus at one end and at ulna at the other end.

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what are the flexor muscles?

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the major flexor muscles are the brachialis, biceps brachii, and the coracobrachialis.

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what are synergists?

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the three muscles working together namely the brachialis, biceps brachii, and the coracibrachialis.

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what are the extensor muscles?

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triceps brachii, and the anconeus.

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the major flexion muscle

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brachialis, whose tendons insert into humerus at one end and at ulna at the other end.

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why are they antagonisits?

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because the two muscles work in opposite direction.

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what are the flexor muscles?

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the major flexor muscles are the brachialis, biceps brachii, and the coracobrachialis.

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the important point about the muscles is that

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they can only pull but not push.

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what are synergists?

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the three muscles working together namely the brachialis, biceps brachii, and the coracibrachialis.

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axial muscles

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these muscles, act on the trunk

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what are the extensor muscles?

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triceps brachii, and the anconeus.

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proximal muscles

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these move the shoulder, girdle, pelvis and knee

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why are they antagonisits?

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because the two muscles work in opposite direction.

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distal muscles

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these move the hands, feet and digits

Front 30

the important point about the muscles is that

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they can only pull but not push.

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the importance of axial musculature

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the maintenance of posture

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axial muscles

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these muscles, act on the trunk

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proximal muscles

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these move the shoulder, girdle, pelvis and knee

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distal muscles

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these move the hands, feet and digits

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the importance of axial musculature

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the maintenance of posture

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the importance of proximal muscles

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locomotion

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importance of distal musculature

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manipulation of the objects

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which neurons innervate the somatic musculature?

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the somatic motor neurons in the ventral horn.they are also called, lower motor neurons to distinguish from the higher motor neurons providing input to the spinal cord

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lower motor neuron's function by Sherrington?

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the final common pathway for the control of the behavior.

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what is the ventral root?

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the axons of the lower motor neuron bundle together to form the ventral root

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what is a spinal nerve

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the ventral root, joins with the dorsal root to form the spinal nerve

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types of spinal nerves

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cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral

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the 50 muscles of the arm are innervated by

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the C3-T1. represented by the swelling of the ventral horns.

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the leg musculature control

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by the L1-S3.

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the characteristics of the cervical, and lumbar-sacral

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they mainly innervate the distal and proximal musculature.

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characteristic nerves innervating the axial musculature

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they are found at all the levels. cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral.

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the arrangement of the lower motor neurons in the ventral horn.

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the cells innervating the axial musculature are medial to the ones innervating the distal muscles. the cells innervating the flexors are dorsal to the extensors. the distal muscles are lateral.

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the two types of lower motor neurons

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alpha motor neurons and the gamma motor neurons

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motor unit

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one alpha motor neuron and the muscles fibers innervated by it are called the motor unit.

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motor neuron pool

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the collection of alpha motor neuron innervating a single muscle is called the motor neuron pool.

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the graded control of muscle contraction by alpha motor neurons

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the first way the CNS controls is by varying the firing rate of the motor neurons.
the second way is by CNS recruiting additional synergistic motor units.

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Control by variation of firing rate

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the neurotransmitter used is ACh. the alpha motor neuron communicates by releasing ACh. since it is very reliable, ACh released due to one pre synaptic potential, causes a post synaptic potential, causing a twitch. a sustained contraction due to sustained action potentials will causes temporal summation of post synaptic activity. the rate of firing is thus a very important way of grading muscle contraction.

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what is a twitch?

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a rapid sequence of contraction and relaxation in the muscle fiber.