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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Forensic Science
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Application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are unforced by the police in the CJ system.
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August Vollmer
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Given credit for establishing the first forensic science lab.
Los Angles- 1923 |
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Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
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English writer who wrote about forensic investigations.
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Leone Lettes
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Credited with blood tying dried blood; blood must be dried or it will be destroyed (some DNA lost when dried).
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Karl Landsteiner
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Made many discoveries about blood types.
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Alphonse Bertillion
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Father of personal identification or anthropometry.
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Edmond Locard
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Created the transfer of evidence theory.
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Locard's Principle of Exchange
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When 2 things touch there will always be a cross transfer of evidence.
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Anthropometry
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Measure certain body parts for identification purposes; ex.) lenght of an arm, left food, ear, distance between eyes. Finger prints replaced anthropometry.
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4 Blood Types & Percents in Population
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O=43%, A=42%, B=12%, AB=3%
OJ Simpson has AB blood type. 100 different types of blood factors= controlled by genetics. |
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Preciptin Test
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Use of phenothalien (turns pink) to determine if a liquid is blood or not.
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Kastle Meyer Test
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Test used to determine if a blood sample is human.
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Serology
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Study of blood.
*Antagens and antibodies are found in the blood/body. *Antigen is protein produced by the body. *FOr every antigen there is an antibody made. |
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Class Characteristics
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Group of certain characteristics.
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Individual Characteristics
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Specific characteristic of a group.
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Eurythroctyes (Red Blood Cells)
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Carry oxygen around the body.
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
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Fights infections in the body.
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Platlets
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HELPS clot blood.
*55% of blood is plasma. *32% chance that DNA can be collected from the rim of a hat. |
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Fibrin
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Substance that makes blood clot.
*Hemaphiliac- unable to clot blood. *Takes healthy person 3-5 mins. to clot. *Clot from outside to inside. |
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Amount of Blood in Body
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8-10 pints. Men usually have more blood than women.
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Secreator
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Secret blood types in blodily fluids.
*80% of the population considered this. |
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Toxicology
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Study of poisions.
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Fingerprints & Percent in Population
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Loops=60-65%, Archs=30-35%, Whorls=5%.
*1% of crimes solved by fingerprints. *1901 NVSCSC first to use fingerprint indentification. |
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Father of Forensic Toxicology
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Matthew Orfelia.
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Francis Galton
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Given credit for the first study of fingerprints.
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1x10^60
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Chance of people having the same fingerprints/DNA.
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4 Major Crime Labs
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DEA, FBI, ATF, US Postal
*320 crime labs in the U.S. |
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3 Functions of A Forensic Scientist
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Collect evidence, testify in court, train others to collect evidence.
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Frye/Daubert Standard
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Standard judges use to omit evidence within the court.
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Buccal Cells
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Cells that contian DNA, found within the cheek of a mouth.
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4th Amendment
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Search and seizure laws.
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Mapp vs. Ohio (4th)
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Police went into a house without a search warrant and found child porn.
*Poision Tree Doctrine |
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5th Amendment
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Self-incrimanation laws.
*Miranda Rights |
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6th Amendment
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Right to an attorney/fair trial.
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Gideon vs. Wainwright (6th)
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Court did not give an attorney, and was released after appealed case.
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8th Amendment
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Curel and unusual punishment.
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Evidence That Comes Into A Lab
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Victim's clothing, Fingernail scrapings, Head (50 hairs) & Pubic Hairs (24 hairs), Blood, Vaginal Anal & Oral Swabs, Recovered Bullets (Antimony, GSR, Barium), Hand Swabs (GSR).
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Schemelle Decision
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Police can search within an arms lenght of the defendant.
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California vs. Greenwood
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If garbage on curb line the 4th amendment does NOT apply anymore.
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Particularity
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Search warrant- warrant must be specific to what your looking for and where your allowed to search.
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Furman vs. Georgia
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Stopped death penalty as being unconstitutional.
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Greg vs. Georgia
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Made death penalty unconsitiutional.
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Tennessee vs. Garner
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Fleeing felon rule.
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Baarks Rule (NYS)
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Can shoot at a fleeing felon if involved in burglary, arson, assult, rap or kidnapping.
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Colorado vs. Bertin
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Police can search a car that is impounded without a warrant.
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Plain View Doctrine
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If something is in "plain-view" you have probable cause to search without a warrant.
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Disaster Morturary Operational Response Team (DMORT)
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When a massive disaster happens, doctors are called in to help ID bodies.
*10 DMORT teams in US |
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Corenor
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First to observe body. Can be sherif, prosecutor or funeral director at times.
*Nobody can move body without corenor permission. |
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Ficks/Fouriers Law
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A single cause explains a certain event.
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Federal Rule 702
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Expert rule- can only testify your opinion.
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Exper Witness
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Judge can deem you an expert in your field and you must abide by Rule 702.
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Qualifications of Expert Witness
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S-Scientific validity of test used.
K- Knowledge. E- Education. E- Experience. T- Training. |
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Characteristics of a Realiable Scientific Method
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Integrity, competence, defensable technology, reliable tests.
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5 Causes of Death
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Natural, Suicide, Homicide, Undetermined, Accidental.
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Pathology
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The medical speciality dealing with diagonsis of disease by examining tissues and fluids in body.
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Inquisitional Judge
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Determines death of a personk, asks questions. AKA corenor.
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Medical Examiner
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Replaced corenor, required to have medical degree.
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2 Main Types of Pathology
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*Anatoimc- deals with structual alterations to body.
*Clinical- deals with labratory examinations;samples removed from body. |
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Surgical Pathologist
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Examines organs and tissues for purposes of making diagnoses to help primary physicians.
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Cytologist Pathology
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Examines cells and groups of cells to determine milginant conditions.
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Autospy Pathologist
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Preforms autospies usually in a hospital setting to determine cause of death for a family member.
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Forensic Pathology
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Same as autospy pathologist.
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3 Stages Human Body Exibits After Death
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*Decomposition/Puetrifaction
*Mummification- body fluids gone, skin turns brown and is like leather. *Skeletalization- only bones found. |
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Bones in the Human Body
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206 in the human body.
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Putrifaction
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Happens right after death because of broken down cells producing bacteria.
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Decomposition of Body
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*23 days after death body turns green because of gloss of hemoglobin.
*After 3 days body will swell from gases. *Green areas will blister. *Tongue swells, eyes liquify, fluids exit body. *1 month- abdomen of body will burst. |
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Rates of Body Decomposition
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The decompositiion rate of a body in air is aprox. 2x's as quick as a body in water and between 4-8x's as rapid as a body burried in the earth.
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Autospy
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Medical disection and examination of a body in order to determine the cause of death.
*Y-cut and T-cut. |
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Rigor Mortis
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Deals with muscles and occurs immedaitely following death. Muscles relax and then become rigid. Occurs witin 24 hours and disappears after 36 hours.
*Lack of glycogen causes stiffness. |
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Livor Mortis
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Deals with body fluids. Also a result of gravity, fluids will drop to body parts closest to the ground. The skin will appear dark purple where fluids settled. Occurs immdeiately after death and lasts 12 hours.
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Algor Mortis
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Deals with the temperature of the body. Body will contiunually cool until it reaches its surroundings. Begins 1 hour after death and body loses 1-1.5 degress/hour.
*Mesaures temp. in liver. |
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Vitreous Humor Test/Occular Fluid Test
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Eyes release chemical after death. By measuring fluid in the eye, time of death can be determined= release of potassium.
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First state to liscense nurses?
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Massachusetts.
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Year statute made to replace corenors with medical examiners?
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1877.
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What percent of deaths examined by forensic pathologists are natural?
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50% or half.
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How many days does it take for a magot to turn into a fly?
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14 days.
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Human heart weighs?
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Aprox. 1 pound.
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Human brain weighs?
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About 3 pounds.
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Formaldehyde
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Solution used to preserve bodies.
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Are all bruises visable?
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No, false.
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Necrotopsy
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"To look at the dead".
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Paracadian Sac
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Sac found around the heart.
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Fixation
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Formnig of proteins from formadehyde reaction.
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2 Biohazards When Dealing With Blood
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HIV/AIDS and Hepititus B.
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2 Most Common Specimens Taken
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Blood and Hair.
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When are legs disected?
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Only if there is blood clots found within the lungs.
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Autopsy Tape Size
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525x525 pixels.
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Civil Liability for Corenors and Medical Examiners
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Civil Liablity= Corenors.
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Forensic Pathologists in US?
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500... 25 Have medical degree/law degree.
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4 Classifications of Trauma
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Mechanical, Chemical, Thermal, and Electrical.
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Mechanical Trauma
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Deals with weapons/instruments, traffic accidents, and domestic violence.
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Chemical Trauma
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Deals with acids, poisions, and alkalides.
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Meis Lines
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Lines found on fingernails if arsenic poisioning COD.
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Thermal Trauma
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Deals with heat, radiation, and cold.
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Hypothermia
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Excessive cold.
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Hyperthermia
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Excessive heat.
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Strantium 90
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Radiation found in all human bones of people born after 1945.
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Electrical Trauma
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Electricution, Lightning Strikes.
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2 Categories of Mechanical Injuries
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Blunt Force- application of force to the body by a blunt instrument or where body strikes surface.
Sharp Force- Caused by cutting or stabbing the skin. |
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3 Categories of Blunt Force Trauma
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Abrasions, Bruises, Lascerasions.
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Abrasion
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Superifical injury to the skin in which outer layer of skin is scrapped off.
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Bruises
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Contusion that occurs when blood vessels in the skin/internal organ rupture.
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Lascerasions
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Wounds with a irregualr edge which results from blunt force trauma.
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Hematoma
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Large area of blood loss/bleeding.
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Exsangunation
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Bleeding out, person loses over half of blood in system.
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Asphyxial Death
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COD= oxygen depletion from brain.
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3 Types of Sharp Force Wound
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Incised Wounds, Penetrating Wound, and Chopped Wound.
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Incised Wound
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Cuts found on the body.
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Superficial Wound
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Size on the surface larger than depth of wound.
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Penetrating Wound
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Depth of wound is greater than the size on the surface.
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Chopped Wound
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Wound caused by heavy instrument.
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7 Categories of Wounds
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Bullet, Stab, Blunt Force, Rape, Poision, Burn, and Traffic Fatality.
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Firearms Injury
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Most common suicidal/homicidal wounds found in the U.S.
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2 Types of Gunshot Wounds
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Penetrating Wound- entrance but no exit. Perferating Wound- entrance and exit.
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Velocity or Size of Bullet?
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Velocity is what causes the most damage.
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When does a bullet start to slow/drop?
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25 yards.
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Exits of Gunshot Wound
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*Exit wound is smaller and slit shapped; have side lascerations= bullet at high speed.
*Exit with side lascerations means= bullet at low speed. |
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Yawing
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Bullet enters body at side angle.
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3 Classifications of Gunshot Entrance Wounds
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Contact Wound, Intermediate Wound, and Distant Wound.
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Alcohol
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Ethanol found in ALL alcoholic drinks.
Accounts for 50% of all traumatic deaths. |
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What is alcohol?
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Depressant.
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C2 H5 OH
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Ethanol
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C4 H10 O and H20
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Ether
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What is the most common drug found by Forensic Pathologists?
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Alcohol followed by marijuana.
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