Speech Test #3

Front 1

logical arrangement of evidence in a speech

Back 1

logos

Front 2

speaker's credibility

Back 2

ethos

Front 3

emotional appeals made by a speaker

Back 3

pathos

Front 4

mental leaps we make when we recognize that a speaker's evidence supports his or her claims

Back 4

inferences

Front 5

set of statements that allows you to develop your evidence to establish the validity of your claim

Back 5

argument

Front 6

process of reasoning that uses specific instances, or examples, to make a claim about a general conclusion

Back 6

inductive reasoning

Front 7

exceptions to a rule, unique instances that do not represent the norm

Back 7

anomalies

Front 8

error in reasoning in which a speaker reaches a conclusion without enough evidence to support it

Back 8

hasty generalization

Front 9

process of reasoning that uses a familiar and commonly accepted claim to establish the trusth of a very specific claim

Back 9

deductive reasoning

Front 10

claim in an argument that states a familiar, commonly accepted belief (also called the general principle)

Back 10

major premise

Front 11

claim in an argument that states a specific instance linked to the major premise

Back 11

minor premise

Front 12

logical outcome of an argument that results form the combination of the major and minor premises

Back 12

conclusion

Front 13

process of reasoning that supports a claim by establishing a cause-and-effect (or "if-then")relationship

Back 13

causal reasoning

Front 14

error in reasoning in which a speaker assumes that one event caused another simply because the first event happened before the second

Back 14

false cause

Front 15

a process of reasoning by way of comparison and similarity that implies that because two things resemble each other in one respect, they also share similiarities in another respect

Back 15

analogical reasoning

Front 16

something that represents something else

Back 16

sign

Front 17

process of reasoning that assumes something exists or will happen based on something else that exists or has happened

Back 17

reasoning by sign

Front 18

What are the four questions of Toulmin's model?

Back 18

1. Claim: What do you think or want to propose?
2. Grounds: Why do you think or want to propose it?
3. Warrant: How do you know the grounds support the claim?
4. Backing: How do you know the warrant supports the grounds?

Front 19

audience's perception of a speaker's competence and character

Back 19

credibility

Front 20

audience's view of a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge or a subject

Back 20

competence

Front 21

audience's view of a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience

Back 21

character

Front 22

system of verbal or gestural symbols a community uses to communicate

Back 22

language

Front 23

word or phrase spoken by a speaker

Back 23

symbol

Front 24

object, concept, or event a symbol represents

Back 24

referent

Front 25

memory and past experiences that audience members have with an object, concept, or event

Back 25

thought, or reference

Front 26

language that refers to a tangible object- a person, place, or thing

Back 26

concrete language

Front 27

language that refers to ideas or concepts but not to specific objects

Back 27

abstract language

Front 28

fixed, distinctive expression whose meaning is not indicated by its individual words

Back 28

idiom

Front 29

speaking style that reflects the spoken rather than the written word

Back 29

oral style

Front 30

figure of speech that makes an explicit comparison of two things using the word 'like' or 'as'

Back 30

simile

Front 31

figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things by describing one thing as being something else

Back 31

metaphor

Front 32

metaphor that makes illogical comparisons between two or more things

Back 32

mixed metaphor

Front 33

figure of speech that attributes human characteristics to animals, objects, or concepts

Back 33

personification

Front 34

arrangement of words into patterns so the sounds of the words together enhance the meaning of a phrase

Back 34

rhythm

Front 35

arrangement of related words so they are balanced or of related sentences so they have identical structures

Back 35

parallelism

Front 36

repeating keywords or phrases at the beginnings or endings of sentences or clauses to create rhythm

Back 36

repetition

Front 37

repetition of initial sounds of two or more words in a sentence or phrase

Back 37

alliteration

Front 38

verbal device that makes information easier to remember

Back 38

mnemonic device

Front 39

placement of words and phrases in contrast or opposition to one another

Back 39

antithesis

Front 40

speech whose message attempts to change or reinforce an audience's thoughts, feelings, or actions

Back 40

persuasive speech

Front 41

question that addresses whether something is verifiably true or not

Back 41

question of fact

Front 42

question that addresses the merit of morality of an object, action, or belief

Back 42

question of value

Front 43

question that addresses the best course of action or solution to a problem

Back 43

question of policy

Front 44

encourage an audience to engage in a specific behavior or take a specific action

Back 44

gain immediate action

Front 45

explicitly request that an audience engage in some clearly stated behavior

Back 45

call to action

Front 46

ask an audience to adopt a new position without also asking them to act in support of that position

Back 46

gain passive agreement

Front 47

organizational pattern that focuses on persuading an audience that a specific problem exists and can be solved or minimized by a specific solution

Back 47

problem-solution organization

Front 48

organizational pattern that focuses on identifying a specific problem, the causes of that problem and a solution to the problem

Back 48

problem-cause-solution organization

Front 49

organizational pattern that illustrates the advantages of one solution over others

Back 49

comparative advantages organization

Front 50

step-by-step process used to persuade audiences by gaining attention, demonstrating a need, satisfying that need, visualizing beneficial results, and calling for action

Back 50

Monroe's motivated sequence

Front 51

persuasive strategy that addresses both sides of an issue, refuting one side to prove the other is better

Back 51

two-sided message

Front 52

arguments against the speaker's own position

Back 52

counterarguments

Front 53

threat of something undesirable happening if change does not occur

Back 53

fear appeal

Front 54

credibility a speaker has before giving a speech

Back 54

initial credibility

Front 55

credibility a speaker develops during a speech

Back 55

derived credibility

Front 56

credibility a speaker has at the end of a speech

Back 56

terminal credibility

Front 57

similarities, shared interests, and mutual perspectives a speaker has with an audience

Back 57

common ground

Front 58

interrelated set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and feelings held by members of a particular society or culture

Back 58

mythos

Front 59

argument that seems valid but is flawed because of unsound evidence or reasoning

Back 59

fallacy

Front 60

argument in which a speaker attacks a person rather than that person's arguments

Back 60

ad hominem fallacy

Front 61

argument that something is correct or good because everyone else agrees with it or is doing it

Back 61

bandwagon fallacy

Front 62

argument in which a speaker claims our options are "either A or B," when actually more than two options exist. Sometimes called a false dilemma.

Back 62

either-or fallacy

Front 63

argument that introduces irrelevant information to distract an audience from the real issue

Back 63

red herring fallacy

Front 64

argument in which a speaker claims that taking a first step in one direction will lead to inevitable and undesirable further steps

Back 64

slippery slope fallacy

Front 65

What are guidelines for inductive reasoning?

Back 65

1. Have enough examples to support your claim
2. Make sure your generalizations are accurate
3. Use statistics and testimony to support your arguments

Front 66

What should you do if your audience does not immediately accept your general principle?

Back 66

you will need to establish its validity

Front 67

What are guidelines for causal reasoning?

Back 67

1. Be careful not to claim a causal relationship if it can't be proved
2. Do not assume mistakenly there is only one cause for an event
3. Try to identify the strength or weakness of the relationship you are establishing

Front 68

interaction, connection, and exchange of ideas and opinions with others

Back 68

dialogue

Front 69

acknowledging your audience by considering and listening to the unique, diverse, and common perspectives of its members before, during, and after your speech

Back 69

audience centered

Front 70

complex and varied group of people the speaker addresses

Back 70

audience

Front 71

significant positions occupied by a person within society that affect that person's identity in almost all social situations

Back 71

master statuses

Front 72

perspective from which a person views and evaluates society

Back 72

standpoint

Front 73

general positive or negative feeling a person has about something

Back 73

attitude

Front 74

person's idea of what is real or true or not

Back 74

belief

Front 75

person's idea of what is good, worthy, or important

Back 75

value

Front 76

belief that our own cultural perspectives, norms, and ways of organizing society are superior to others

Back 76

ethnocentrism

Front 77

analysis that identifies the particular population traits of an audience

Back 77

demographic audience analysis

Front 78

question that allows the respondent to answer in an unrestricted way

Back 78

open-ended question

Front 79

question that requires the respondent to choose an answer from two or more alternatives

Back 79

closed-ended question

Front 80

broad generalization about an entire group based on limited knowledge or exposure to only certain members of that group

Back 80

stereotype

Front 81

trying to see and understand the world as another person does

Back 81

empathy

Front 82

time and place in which a pseaker will speak

Back 82

speaking environment

Front 83

What are the 5 steps to Monroe's motivated sequence?

Back 83

1. Attention
2. Need
3. Satisfaction
4. Visualization
5. Action