Speech Sound Disorders - Exam 1

Front 1

What are the differences (3) between pronunciation errors and speech sound disorders?

Back 1

Pronunciation errors -mistake, just an accident
-certain words
-more easily corrected

Speech Sound Disorders
-impairment in speech sound production
-many words
-harder to correct

Front 2

True or False: This course deals with both speech sound disorders and pronunciation errors.

Back 2

false

Front 3

what are the categories of speech production errors?

Back 3

-articulation
-phonological

Front 4

What are articulation errors?

Back 4

-phonetic errors
-problems with speech sound production (making sounds)
-peripheral motor disturbances that result in speech disorders

Front 5

what are phonological errors?

Back 5

-phonemic errors
-problems with language specific functions of phonemics (knowing when to use them
-impaired representation and organization of phonemes in language system
-may affect morpholog, syntax, semantics

Front 6

What are the 4 types of phonetic and phonemic errors?

Back 6

-omissions (delete sound, most damaging)
-substitutions (one sound used for another, very common)
-distortions (close but jumbled)
-additions (add sound to word. eg. /blu/ becomes /bƏlu/)

Front 7

What are the 4 units of meaning?

Back 7

-words
-morphemes
-phonemes
-allophones

Front 8

what is an allophone?

Back 8

sound variations within phoneme class. they don't change the meaning (eg. the /k/ in keep and coop)

Front 9

what are the 2 types of phonetic characteristics?

Back 9

-suprasegmental
-segmental

Front 10

What are different forms of suprasegmentals? (6)

Back 10

-stress
-intonation
-loudness
-pitch level
-juncture
-rate

Front 11

what is juncture?

Back 11

vocal punctuation (pauses.....nitrate vs. night rate)

Front 12

What is prosody?

Back 12

stress, degree of emphasis

Front 13

what carries the stress in a word/syllable?

Back 13

vowels

Front 14

what are the segmental units of phonemes or phonetics?

Back 14

-vowels
-diphtongs
-consonants

Front 15

What are the basic characteristics of vowel segments? (6)

Back 15

-syllable nuclei, basic weight
-voiced
-non-nasal
-open sounds (open vocal tract, no constriction)
-lounder than consonants (more sonority)

Front 16

what are vowels also referred to as?

Back 16

sonorants

Front 17

true or false: every syllable has a vowel.

Back 17

true

Front 18

what are the 3 ways to describe vowels?

Back 18

-lip configuration (rounded/ unrounded)
-tongue position (horizontal--front, central, or back-- / vertical-- high, mid, or low--)
-tension

Front 19

Do longer or shorter vowels have more muscle tension?

Back 19

longer

Front 20

****know vowel chart****

Back 20

u, i, e, I, o, Ə, Ɛ, Ɔ, a, ae, ɑ, ʌ, ʊ

Front 21

what is juncture?

Back 21

vocal punctuation (pauses.....nitrate vs. night rate)

Front 22

What is prosody?

Back 22

stress, degree of emphasis

Front 23

what carries the stress in a word/syllable?

Back 23

vowels

Front 24

what are the segmental units of phonemes or phonetics?

Back 24

-vowels
-diphtongs
-consonants

Front 25

What are the basic characteristics of vowel segments? (6)

Back 25

-syllable nuclei, basic weight
-voiced
-non-nasal
-open sounds (open vocal tract, no constriction)
-lounder than consonants (more sonority)

Front 26

what are vowels also referred to as?

Back 26

sonorants

Front 27

true or false: every syllable has a vowel.

Back 27

true

Front 28

what are the 3 ways to describe vowels?

Back 28

-lip configuration (rounded/ unrounded)
-tongue position (horizontal--front, central, or back-- / vertical-- high, mid, or low--)
-tension

Front 29

Do longer or shorter vowels have more muscle tension?

Back 29

longer

Front 30

****know vowel chart****

Back 30

PLEASE

Front 31

true or false: there can be multiple diphthongs in a word.

Back 31

false, only one

Front 32

What are diphthongs also known as?

Back 32

syllable nuclei

Front 33

what is an on glide? (diphthongs)

Back 33

initial portion is longer and more intense

Front 34

what is an off glide?

Back 34

last part, shorter

Front 35

what are the 3 types of diphthongs?

Back 35

-phonemic
-nonphonemic
-rhotic

Front 36

what is a phonemic diphthong?

Back 36

meaning changes if first vowel is produced as a monothong
-eg. /ɑI/ to /ɑ/
/dɑʊn/ to /dɑn/

Front 37

what is a nonphonemic diphthong?

Back 37

meaning does not changes if first vowel is produced as a monothong.
-eg. /vek eI ʃƏn/. this tells where stress is

Front 38

what are rhotic diphthongs?

Back 38

vowel is colored by the rhotic /r/ (as in --fear, for, fair, far, and tour)

Front 39

how do consonant segments differ from vowel and diphthongs?

Back 39

are produced with constriction in vocal tract

Front 40

what are the 4 ways to describe consonants?

Back 40

-organ of articulation
-place of articulation
-manner of production
-voicing

Front 41

what are the active organs of articulation?

Back 41

-lower lip (labial)
-tongue (lingual
tip (apical)
suface (dorsum)
lateral rims of tongue (coronal)

Front 42

what are the passive organs of articulation?

Back 42

-upper lip (liabial)
-teeth (dental)
-alveolar ridge (alveolar)
-suface or hard palate (palatal)
-soft palate (velar)

Front 43

which phonemes are produced as bilabials?

Back 43

/p/ /b/ /m/ /w/ /ʍ/

Front 44

/f/ and /v/ are produced where?

Back 44

labial dentals

Front 45

which phonemes are produced as lingua dentals (interdentals)

Back 45

voiced and unvoiced "th"

Front 46

which phonemes are produced as lingua alveolars?

Back 46

/t/ /d/ /n/ /l/ /z/ /s/ /ſ/

Front 47

which phonemes are produced as lingua palatals?

Back 47

/ʃ/ /ʒ/ /tʃ/ /ʤ/ /j/ /r/

Front 48

/k/ /g/ and /ᶇ/ are produced where?

Back 48

lingua velars

Front 49

what are the glottal sounds?

Back 49

/h/ and /ʔ/

Front 50

what are cognates?

Back 50

sounds that come in pairs. place and manner are identical, but one is voiced and one is voiceless

Front 51

what are the 7 different manners of articulation (degree of closure)?

Back 51

-stop-plosives (complete closure)
-fricatives (narrow constriction)
-affricates (stop/fricative)
-nasals (oral closure; open VP port)
-lateral (midline closure)
-glides (move from more constricted to more open posture)
-rhotics (retroflexed or bunched tongue)

Front 52

Which phonemes are stop-plosives?

Back 52

/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /ʔ/ /ſ/

Front 53

which phonemes are fricatives?

Back 53

/s/ /z/ /f/ /v/ /h/ /ʒ/ /ʃ/ and both "th"

Front 54

/dʒ/ and /tʃ/ are both produced how?

Back 54

as affricates

Front 55

which phonemes are produced as laterals?

Back 55

/l/

Front 56

/j/, /w/, and /ʍ/ are all which manner of articulation?

Back 56

glides

Front 57

/r/ is which manner of articulation?

Back 57

rhotic

Front 58

what are obstruents?

Back 58

-complete or narrow constriction of vocal tract
-another way to classify consonants

Front 59

what manners of articulation are classified as obstruents?

Back 59

-stop-plosives
-fricatives
-affricates

Front 60

what are sonorant consonants?

Back 60

-semi-vowels
-relatively open vocal tract
-another way to classify consonants

Front 61

what manners of articulation are classified as sonorant consonants?

Back 61

-nasals
-liquids /l/ /r/
-glides

Front 62

The influence sounds have on each other is __________.

Back 62

coarticulation

Front 63

what does coarticulation result in and help with?

Back 63

-results in ---assimilation or harmony between sound segments (apraxia does not have this)
-helps with--- flow of speech - deletes pauses between sounds

Front 64

what are the 2 types of coarticulation?

Back 64

-anticipatory
-retentive

Front 65

what is anticipatory articulation?

Back 65

-aka regressive assimilation
-articulators prepare to produce a sound before it is articulated as a segment
-children have less than adults
-eg. tongue is up when ready to say the word "play" to anticipate the /l/

Front 66

what is rententive coarticulation?

Back 66

-aka perseverative/progressive assimilation
-articulatory feature is retained after is needs to be
-eg. /i/ --- me /i/ retains the nasality

Front 67

true or false: it is easier to break words down into sounds than syllables.

Back 67

false. easier to break down into syllables

Front 68

what are the 3 parts of a syllable?

Back 68

-peak
-onset
-coda

Front 69

describe the peak of s syllable.

Back 69

most intense part of syllable. can stand alone or it can be surrounded by other phonemes

Front 70

describe the onset of a syllable.

Back 70

the sound segments prior to the peak (aka- syllable releasing sounds)

Front 71

describe the coda of a syllable.

Back 71

sounds that end a syllable. syllable aresting sounds. sounds that stop a peak.

Front 72

what is the difference between an open syllable and a checked/closed syllable?

Back 72

open- syllables without a coda
closed- syllables with a coda

Front 73

Infants' functions for speech mechanisms are ____________ and _____________.

Back 73

respiration and feeding

Front 74

true or false: infants are capable or producing speech sounds.

Back 74

false

Front 75

What 4 systems involving speech evolve during infancy and early childhood?

Back 75

-respiratory
-phonatory
-resonatory
-articulatory

Front 76

what type of air pressure are infants able to achieve?

Back 76

subglottal air pressure

Front 77

Around what age does respiratory function become more adultlike?

Back 77

7 years

Front 78

What are the oral and pharyngeal cavities mainly for in infancy?

Back 78

sucking and swallowing

Front 79

What general characteristics do the prelinguistic stages share? (5)

Back 79

-prior to 1st meaningful words
-overlap between stages
-occurs in first 12 months
-vowels dominate in first year
-variation between children

Front 80

What are the 5 prelinguistic stages?

Back 80

-reflexive/vegetative
-cooing and laughter
-vocal play
-babbling
-jargon

Front 81

Describe the reflexive/ vegetative prelinguistic stage.

Back 81

-birth to 2 months
-reflexive vocalizations (cries, coughs, burps, hiccups, sneezes)
-vegetative sounds (grunts, sighs)
-speech-like sounds are rare
-quieter when content and alert

Front 82

Describe the cooing and laughter prelinguistic stage.

Back 82

-2 to 4 months
-important developmental milestone
-infants coo during comfortable periods
-12 weeks- crying decreases; vegetative sounds start to disappear
-16 weeks- sustained laughter appears
-begin using greater amounts of air pressure
-use gooing (add /g/ or /h/ sound to quasi-resonant nuclei

Front 83

What are quasi-resonant nuclei?

Back 83

prolonged vowel-like sounds. half-nasalized vowels (cooing)

Front 84

Describe the vocal play prelinguistic stage.

Back 84

-4 to 6 months
-also called expansion
-series of vowel and consonant-like segments
-vocal play with: pitch, loudness, intonation, voiceless air play, vibrants

Front 85

Describe the babbling prelinguistic stage.

Back 85

-6 to 10 months
-easily recognized stage
-main production milestone during first year
-chained syllables with contoids and vocoids

Front 86

What are the 2 forms of babbling?

Back 86

-reduplicated (consonants stay the same; vowels may vary somewhat)
-variegated (variation in consonants and vowels from syllable to syllable)

Front 87

Describe the jargon prelinguistic stage.

Back 87

-10 months+
-continuous process from babbling stage
-more consonants and vowels in one vocalization
-adult-like intonation and rhythm imposed on syllable strings
-self directed process of exploration

Front 88

True or false: Babbling behavior may predict later language ability as determined by its quantity and diversity.

Back 88

true

Front 89

Around what age do children transition to their first word?

Back 89

12 months

Front 90

When do children develop their first 50 words?

Back 90

between 12 and 24 months

Front 91

What are characteristics of first words?

Back 91

-phonetically stable
-used consistently in same context
-recognizable as adult-like words

Front 92

What are proto words?

Back 92

words that may be used consistently and have meaning, but do not match adult form

Front 93

When do children start to combine words?

Back 93

-after 50 word spoken lexicon
-around 18 to 24 months

Front 94

Describe the phonological growth of the preschool stage. (18 to 72 months)

Back 94

-largest phonological growth
-vowels usually mastered by age 3
-anterior consonants develop before posteriors

Front 95

What sounds are consistently difficult during the preschool stage?

Back 95

liquids, interdentals, and palatals

Front 96

Describe the speech intelligibility of the preschool stage.

Back 96

-about 3/4 of children are at least partially (54 to 80%) intelligible
-children with fewer errors are more intelligible
-children with more complex sentences are less intelligible

Front 97

How many words does a 30 month old have receptively? expressively?

Back 97

-receptive- 1200 words
-expressive- 150 to 300

Front 98

How many words does a 60 month old have receptively? expressively?

Back 98

-receptive- 9600
-expressive- 2200

Front 99

Describe the school age stage.

Back 99

-5 years and up
-has some misarticulations
-suprasegmentals start to develop
-strong correlation between phonological development and later reading success