Speech Science Exam 2

Front 1

Posterior cricoarytenoids; interarytenoids and lateral crcoarytenoid; vowel.

Back 1

___________________ contract to abduct VF in order to produce a voiceless stop. Voicing onset begins when we adduct the VF using _______________ & _____________ during the onset of the following _______.

Front 2

formant

Back 2

After the noise burst (aspirated or unaspirated release) in a prevocalic stop we will see a __________ transition. This does not occur with post-vocalic (syllable-final) stops.

Front 3

voiced, closed

Back 3

During a _________ stop we may see periodic VF vibration during the stop gap. However, the amplitude of that VF vibration will be very low in comparison to the surrounding vowels b/c the vocal tract is ____________ during the consonant.

Front 4

aperiodic, fricative

Back 4

If the vocal tract is not completely closed, ____________ acoustic energy occurs during the stop gap resulting in a perception of a ____________.

Front 5

fricative

Back 5

When the release burst occurs for a more substantial duration (over 40 ms), the stop is likely to sound like a _________.

Front 6

place of articulation

Back 6

The frequency range of the noise burst (release) gives us cues to determine the ________________.

Front 7

more

Back 7

The release burst is perceived as __________ intense with voiceless consonants.

Front 8

F

Back 8

T/F? : Voiced VOT's are longer.

Front 9

adduct

Back 9

Voiceless VOT's are longer because is takes extra time to __________ the VF once you've released the articulatory constriction.

Front 10

20

Back 10

_______ ms is the significant dividing line in English for listeners perceiving the difference between voiced & voiceless stops.

Front 11

articulatory constriction, VF vibration

Back 11

VOT (voice onset time) is a measure of the time interval from release of ______________ to the start of _______________.

Front 12

shorter, voiced

Back 12

VOT's tend to be __________ for children. A child's voiceless stop may sound _________ initially because it's easier to produce.

Front 13

velopharyngeal port

Back 13

Stops involve complete constriction of the supralaryngeal vocal tract (including ______________).

Front 14

place of articulation, coarticulation

Back 14

For stops, the spectrum of the release burst varies with the ________________. The burst spectrum is also influenced by the following vowel (______________).

Front 15

aspiration, adduct

Back 15

__________ is the breathy noise (aperiodic) generated following the release of a voiceless stop consonant. This occurs due to air passing between the VF as they begin to __________ for the following vowel.

Front 16

T

Back 16

T/F? : The burst release and aspiration occur at the same time.

Front 17

F (only for voiceless)

Back 17

T/F? : Aspiration occurs for both voiced and voiceless stop consonants.

Front 18

burst release

Back 18

The ____________ occurs due to air pressure build up behind the articulatory constriction for stops.

Front 19

prosody (speaking rate/stress)

Back 19

VOT changes with _____________.

Front 20

voiced

Back 20

In English, VOT that is <20 ms is perceived as ___________.

Front 21

post-vocalic (syllable-final), longer, shorter

Back 21

Because there is no VOT when stops are in the ___________ position, the vowel preceding a voiced stop is _________ & the vowel preceding a voiceless stop is ___________.

Front 22

continuous

Back 22

VOT may not be able to be measured for a voiced stop if voicing is ________________ throughout the stop gap.

Front 23

direction, place of articulation

Back 23

________________ of the F2 transition is sensitive to __________________ for the stop consonant.

Front 24

locus

Back 24

____________ refers to a characteristic or typical value (where acoustic energy is concentrated), especially for the presumed onset value of formant frequency; This serves as an acoustic cue for place of articulation.

Front 25

800

Back 25

The F2 locus for bilabials such as /b/ occurs at _______ Hz.

Front 26

3000

Back 26

The F2 locus for velars such as /g/ occurs at _______ Hz.

Front 27

1800

Back 27

The F2 locus for alveolars such as /d/ occurs at _______ Hz.

Front 28

bilabial, alveolar

Back 28

If given 3 stops with different places of articulation produced with the vowel /i/, which 2 will be perceptually confused?

Front 29

alveolar, velar

Back 29

If given 3 stops with different places of articulation produced with the vowel /u/, which 2 will be perceptually confused?

Front 30

Voicing, voiceless

Back 30

Aspiration is a ___________ cue and occurs following the release of a _____________ stop consonant.

Front 31

F (only F2, F1 stays the same)

Back 31

T/F: Formant transitions for F1 helps us to perceive place of articulation for stops.

Front 32

Shorter

Back 32

If you increase your speaking rate, the dividing line may shift to slightly ________ duration.

Front 33

Longer

Back 33

If you decrease your speaking rate the dividing line may shift to slightly _________ duration.

Front 34

spastic, ataxic

Back 34

A similar VOT relationship may also occur for patients with ____________ or _____________ dysarthria.

Front 35

Voiceless

Back 35

VOT that is >20 ms is perceived as ___________.

Front 36

Consonant types

Back 36

Stops, Fricatives, Affricates, Nasals, Glides, Liquids

Front 37

During a voiceless stop, the vocal folds are ________________.

Back 37

Abducted

Front 38

During a voiceless stop, the vp port is __________.

Back 38

Closed

Front 39

There should be __________ sound energy during voiceless stop gap.

Back 39

zero

Front 40

If lips don't close completely, it will affect the amount of _______________ behind the constriction point.

Back 40

pressure

Front 41

If vp port is not closed completely, _________ will leak resulting in no burst release.

Back 41

Air

Front 42

Stop gap

Back 42

Complete constriction of supralaryngeal vocal tract

Front 43

During voiceless stop gaps, the vocal folds are ____________.

Back 43

Abducted

Front 44

Voiced stop gaps will be ________ in amplitude because the vocal tract is constricting the sound energy.

Back 44

low

Front 45

____________ noise during stop gap may indicate something is wrong.

Back 45

Aperiodic

Front 46

Spirintization

Back 46

Noise that occurs during stop gap because of incomplete articulatory constriction

Front 47

If a consonant is ___________, it could lead to intelligibility problems.

Back 47

Imprecise

Front 48

Release burst

Back 48

Release of pressure behind constriction

Front 49

Intraoral Pressure

Back 49

During stop gap, supralaryngeal tract is closed off. That pressure is in oral cavity. When we release articulatory constriction, the pressure comes out

Front 50

If articulatory release isn't fast enough, it'll create a __________ sound or an ______________.

Back 50

fricative, affricate

Front 51

Articulatory release should be very fast and burst is short, about _____________ msec.

Back 51

5 - 40

Front 52

Release burst is ________ intense for voiceless than voiced stops.

Back 52

more

Front 53

The burst spectrum varies with ____________________________.

Back 53

Place of articulation

Front 54

In addition to place, the burst spectrum is influenced by __________________.

Back 54

Coarticulation

Front 55

Voiceless stop release bursts are more intense than voiced release bursts because ____________________________________________________________________________.

Back 55

Vocal folds are abducted (open), so air continues to go into oral cavity, more pressure is built up.

Front 56

What may be considered a manner cue for articulation?

Back 56

Stop gap or burst release

Front 57

What may be considered a place cue for articulation?

Back 57

Frequency range during release burst

Front 58

Frequency range for /p/ ?

Back 58

Low frequency (place cue)

Front 59

Frequency range for /t/ ?

Back 59

High frequency (place cue)

Front 60

Frequency range for /k/ ?

Back 60

Mid frequency (place cue)

Front 61

What may be considered a voice cue for articulation?

Back 61

stop gap (absence or presence of noise)

Front 62

Aspiration

Back 62

Breathy noise generated following the release of a voiceless stop consonant, as air passes between vf as they begin to adduct for following vowel (air still rushing out while coming together)

Front 63

English aspirated stops

Back 63

/p/ , /t/ , /k/

Front 64

Aspiration occurs during __________________.

Back 64

Release burst

Front 65

T or F? : Aspiration is the same thing as the release burst

Back 65

False; aspiration contributes to voiceless stop bursts

Front 66

________________________ occurs because of air behind the point of constriction

Back 66

Release burst

Front 67

In a broadband spectrogram, what are the vertical striations?

Back 67

Vocal folds vibrating

Front 68

How can you tell where the release burst is in a spectrogram?

Back 68

It's the sharp, dark line after the stop gap and followed by voiced noise

Front 69

If vp port is not completely closed, what can happen?

Back 69

You may hear noise through the nasal cavity

Front 70

If vp port is not completely closed, what can happen (aside from noise in nasal cavity)?

Back 70

It'll decrease amplitude of release due to the lost air pressure

Front 71

Because /b/ is voiced, there will be what kind of noise during the gap?

Back 71

Periodic, low amplitude noise

Front 72

VOT

Back 72

Voice onset time; time interval from release of articulatory constriction to start of vf vibration

Front 73

___________ represents articulator laryngeal coordination

Back 73

VOT

Front 74

Coordination of the VOT during ____________ stops is less complicated because vocal folds are already adducted.

Back 74

voiced

Front 75

VOT is affected by changes in ___________.

Back 75

Prosody

Front 76

VOT is _______________ in children due to the still developing myelin in their nervous systems making it more effortful to make precise coordinations needed for speech.

Back 76

shorter

Front 77

In English, voiced stops are about __________ long.

Back 77

<20msec

Front 78

In English, voiceless stops are about ________ long.

Back 78

>20 msec

Front 79

There is no VOT when a stop is in the ___________________________ position.

Back 79

syllable final post vocalic

Front 80

VOT is specific to ___________.

Back 80

Stops

Front 81

In VC, the vowel is __________ when the final consonant is voiced.

Back 81

longer

Front 82

In VC, the vowel is _____________ when the final consonant is voiceless.

Back 82

shorter

Front 83

How can a voiced VOT be 0 msec?

Back 83

Vocal folds may stop vibrating d/t pressure changes

Front 84

Can a voiced VOT be negative?

Back 84

Yes; when voicing begins before articulatory release (prevoicing)

Front 85

In CV, _______ transition always moves from low frequency up to the vowel's F1.

Back 85

F1

Front 86

DIrection of _______ transition is sensitive to place of articulation for the stop consonant (place cue).

Back 86

F2

Front 87

_______ transition behaves depending on place of articulation

Back 87

F2

Front 88

F2 locus for average adult male /b/

Back 88

800 Hz

Front 89

For a bilabial CV, F2 transition always ________ to the vowel's F2.

Back 89

Rises

Front 90

F2 locus for average adult male /g/

Back 90

3000hz

Front 91

For a velar CV, F2 transition always _______ to the vowel's F2

Back 91

falls

Front 92

F2 locus for average adult male /d/

Back 92

1800 Hz

Front 93

For alveolar F2 transition, the direction ______________________________________.

Back 93

Depends on the vowel's F2 location

Front 94

Perceptually, there will not be difficulty distinguishing between which CV combos?

Back 94

Bilabial and velar CVs

Front 95

The ___________ is where acoustic energy is located for the stop that will transition into F2.

Back 95

locus

Front 96

During a _________________ stop gap, there's no noise and no voicing

Back 96

Voiceless

Front 97

During a ___________ stop gap, there's no noise and voicing may or may continue all the way through the stop gap.

Back 97

Voiced

Front 98

Fricatives can be divided into 2 types, what are they?

Back 98

Stridents and nonstridents

Front 99

Also known as sibilants

Back 99

Stridents

Front 100

_____________ are noisier than ___________.

Back 100

Stridents; nonstridents

Front 101

Stridents have lots of _____________________.

Back 101

acoustic energy

Front 102

Stridents are _____________ in amplitude.

Back 102

High

Front 103

Nonstridents are __________ in acoustic energy.

Back 103

Weak

Front 104

______________ are hard to hear because they are low in amplitude

Back 104

Nonstridents

Front 105

Alveolar Stridents

Back 105

Z and S

Front 106

Palatal Stridents

Back 106

ʃ and ʒ

Front 107

During a voiced fricative, there is both periodic acoustic energy and ________________.

Back 107

Aperiodic acoustic energy

Front 108

The aperiodic energy created during a voiced fricative, comes from __________________________________________.

Back 108

Forcing air through a constriction

Front 109

The periodic acoustic energy during a fricative comes from ________________________.

Back 109

Vocal fold vibration

Front 110

During voiceless fricatives, there is ______________ acoustic energy only.

Back 110

Aperiodic

Front 111

Labiodental non-stridents

Back 111

v and f

Front 112

Dental non-stridents

Back 112

ð and θ

Front 113

Glottal non-strident

Back 113

h

Front 114

In a _________ non-strident, the constriction is at the larynx.

Back 114

glottal

Front 115

Are the vocal folds closed during a glottal fricative?

Back 115

They are adducted, but they're not completely closed to create constriction.

Front 116

Do the vocal folds vibrate during glottal fricatives?

Back 116

No

Front 117

Fricatives can go quite ______ in frequency range.

Back 117

High

Front 118

Alveolar fricatives frequency range

Back 118

~4000 Hz to 8000 Hz

Front 119

Palatal fricatives frequency range

Back 119

~2500 Hz to 8000 Hz

Front 120

Constriction for stridents

Back 120

Putting tongue to roof of mouth, making groove in tongue, forcing air through that constriction

Front 121

Superior longitudinal tongue muscle

Back 121

From tip of tongue to back, along entire length. Contraction elevates tip of tongue (t,d,n)

Front 122

Transverse tongue muscle

Back 122

Contraction helps to groove the tongue (s, z, ʃ, ʒ)

Front 123

Inferior longitudinal tongue muscle

Back 123

From tip to back of inferior side of tongue; contraction lowers tip of tongue to release articulation constriction

Front 124

In a spectrogram, you can see the ___________________________ with periodic energy and aperiodic energy during a voiced fricative.

Back 124

vertical striations

Front 125

In a voiceless fricative, the spectrogram will only show ________________.

Back 125

Aperiodic noise

Front 126

The noise energy for __________________ spans a very wide frequency range.

Back 126

Non-stridents

Front 127

The noise energy for non-stridents is __________________________, relatively the same amount of energy across the range.

Back 127

Flat and diffuse

Front 128

The different fricatives all use different articulators, but the __________________________ doesn't change much.

Back 128

Length of the vocal tract

Front 129

It's difficult to distinguish the place of articulation among __________________.

Back 129

Fricatives (v, f, θ, ð)

Front 130

During a glottal fricative, the _________ are tense but not _________________.

Back 130

Vocal folds; vibrating

Front 131

During a glottal h, a lot of noise energy is being ____________________ because it's so low in the vocal tract.

Back 131

Absorbed

Front 132

________ can be completely coarticulated.

Back 132

/h/

Front 133

Constriction for stridents utilizes which tongue muscles?

Back 133

Intrinsic tongue muscles (superior longitudinal, transverse, inferior longitudinal)

Front 134

Affricates

Back 134

Stop + fricative sequence

Front 135

tʃ

Back 135

Affricate

Front 136

For affricates, noise energy is in the same range as _____________________.

Back 136

Palatal fricatives

Front 137

Affricates have ________ rise time of acoustic energy.

Back 137

Short

Front 138

Affricates start as _________ into a __________________.

Back 138

Stop; narrowing

Front 139

During affricates, _______________ may or may not close completely then release into a narrowing

Back 139

Vocal tract

Front 140

Because there's air pressure behind the constriction due to build up from the stop, the increase in amplitude during affricates happens _______.

Back 140

Fast

Front 141

During affricates, we may or may not see a distinct ___________.

Back 141

Release

Front 142

If the release during an affricate is not distinct, it may perceptually be confused with a _____________.

Back 142

Fricative

Front 143

In a fricative, the rise time is __________________.

Back 143

Gradual

Front 144

During nasals, the ___________ is open so that acoustic energy is going into the nasal cavity.

Back 144

Velopharyngeal port

Front 145

In nasals, the primary resonator is the _______________________________ whose shape cannot be altered.

Back 145

pharynx-nasal cavity

Front 146

During nasals, the oral cavity is a _______________________________.

Back 146

Dead-end resonator

Front 147

During nasals, energy goes into the oral cavity, but can't get out and is _________________________.

Back 147

Absorbed / dampened.

Front 148

During nasals, the oral cavity is considered a dead-end resonator because _____________________________________.

Back 148

The oral cavity is completely closed.

Front 149

Antiformants

Back 149

Frequency regions in which the amplitudes of the source signal are attenuated because the nasal cavities absorb energy from the sound wave created by nasal sounds.

Front 150

_____________ are a result of place or articulation in the dead-end resonator.

Back 150

Antiformants

Front 151

Nasals are voiced and low in ______________.

Back 151

Amplitude

Front 152

Nasals are low in amplitude because ___________________________.

Back 152

Nasal cavity is narrow and lined with mucus

Front 153

Based on length and location in vocal tract, sound energy is ____________________ in a certain frequency range.

Back 153

Dampened

Front 154

Nasal murmur

Back 154

Low frequency formant-like sound occuring at approx 300Hz

Front 155

The nasal murmur is low in frequency during nasals because the ______________________________________.

Back 155

Higher frequencies are dampened (absorbed)

Front 156

During nasals, the formant transitions are similar to that of _______________.

Back 156

Stops

Front 157

During nasals, _________________ cue place of articulation.

Back 157

F2 transitions (bilabial always rises, velars always fall, etc)

Front 158

During nasals, the surround vowels are _______________.

Back 158

Coarticulated

Front 159

In the word /kæmp/, the vp port begins to _______________ at the æ.

Back 159

Open

Front 160

The fact that the amplified acoustic energy in a narrow and cushioned tube tends to stay around a single frequency helps to explain _____________________________.

Back 160

Nasal murmur

Front 161

/m/ has a similar place of articulation to ________.

Back 161

/b/

Front 162

/n/ has a similar place of articulation to ______.

Back 162

/d/

Front 163

/ŋ/ has a similar place of articulation to _______.

Back 163

/g/

Front 164

Sonorants

Back 164

A speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract

Front 165

Sonorants include ___________ and ______________.

Back 165

Glides or semivowels; liquids

Front 166

Glides or semivowels

Back 166

/w/ and /j/

Front 167

Semivowels are more ___________________ than vowels.

Back 167

Constricted

Front 168

Liquids

Back 168

/r/ and /l/

Front 169

/l/ is a _____________ consonant.

Back 169

Lateral

Front 170

/r/ is a __________________ consonant.

Back 170

Reflexive

Front 171

Sonorants are _________, like vowels.

Back 171

Voiced

Front 172

On a spectrogram, sonorants are difficult to distinguish from ________ and ______________.

Back 172

Vowels and diphthongs

Front 173

In semivowels, there is _________ articulator movement to the following vowel.

Back 173

Gradual

Front 174

Semivowels/glides have good ____________ structure.

Back 174

Formant

Front 175

Semivowels/glides require _____________.

Back 175

Movement

Front 176

Because _________________ require movement, they are difficult to sustain.

Back 176

semivowels/glides

Front 177

Liquids have _______ articulator movement.

Back 177

Quick

Front 178

Liquids have good __________ structure.

Back 178

Formant

Front 179

____________ are sustainable.

Back 179

Liquids

Front 180

Liquids can be held and therefore don't require ______________.

Back 180

Movement

Front 181

The rib cage and lungs are __________ structures.

Back 181

Elastic

Front 182

The lungs are not a __________________.

Back 182

Muscle

Front 183

The lungs always want to ______________.

Back 183

Collapse

Front 184

____________ is the main muscle of respiration.

Back 184

Diaphragm

Front 185

During respiration, the diaphragm contracts, expanding and elevating the rib cage which expands the ___________ resulting in inhalation.

Back 185

Lungs

Front 186

Lungs are attached to the diaphragm via ________________________.

Back 186

Pleural linkage

Front 187

The ________________ keeps the lungs from collapsing.

Back 187

Pleural linkage

Front 188

No matter how much we stretch or compress the lungs, they still want to ________________.

Back 188

Collapse

Front 189

Palatal fricatives have a ______ frequency because of place of articulation.

Back 189

Higher

Front 190

_______________ have quicker rise time than fricatives.

Back 190

Affricates

Front 191

The rib cage is not a _____________. It requires other structures to cause it to move.

Back 191

Muscle

Front 192

If the rib cage is compressed, it wants to ___________.

Back 192

Expand

Front 193

If the rib cage is stretched, it wants to ____________.

Back 193

Collapse

Front 194

Made up of the forces of the lungs and the forces of the rib cage.

Back 194

Lung-thoracic unit

Front 195

The quantity of air that can be exhaled after as deep an inhalation as possible.

Back 195

Vital Capacity (VC)

Front 196

Air pressure within the lungs

Back 196

Alveolar pressure

Front 197

Pressure immediately below glottis (below vocal folds)

Back 197

Subglottal Pressure (psg)

Front 198

When vocal folds are ________ alveolar pressure and subglottal pressure are _________.

Back 198

Adducted; equal

Front 199

When the vocal folds are closed, the subglottal pressure will be ____________ as the alveolar pressure because they're both on the same side of the vocal folds.

Back 199

The same

Front 200

State of equilibrium in the respiratory system

Back 200

Resting Expiratory Level (REL)

Front 201

At REL, the compression of the lungs are ___________ by the expansion of the thorax.

Back 201

Balanced

Front 202

At REL, the lungs' desire to collapse and the thorax's desire to expand are equal in ________ but opposite in ____________.

Back 202

Force; direction

Front 203

At REL, relaxation pressure is _________.

Back 203

Zero

Front 204

Pressures produced by the combined respiratory structures whenever they are displaced above or below REL.

Back 204

Relaxation Pressure

Front 205

What is the vital capacity at resting expiratory level?

Back 205

38%

Front 206

When above REL, relaxation pressure is ____________.

Back 206

Positive

Front 207

When below REL, relaxation pressure is _________________.

Back 207

Negative

Front 208

T or F: Relaxation pressure is a measure of air pressure.

Back 208

False; it's the elastic pressure created by the lung-thoracic unit

Front 209

Relaxation pressure may also be known as ______________.

Back 209

Recoil forces

Front 210

At 38% VC, the lungs want to __________.

Back 210

Collapse

Front 211

At 55% VC, the lungs want to ____________.

Back 211

Collapse

Front 212

At 10% VC, the lungs want to __________.

Back 212

Collapse

Front 213

At 55% VC, the rib cage is _________________.

Back 213

In an ideal state; doesn't want to collapse nor expand.

Front 214

At 55% VC< the rib cage is _____________________________ force.

Back 214

Not generating any

Front 215

At 38% VC, the lungs want to collapse at _________ and the rib cage wants to expand at __________.

Back 215

+5cm H20; -5cm H20

Front 216

At 38% VC, the relaxation pressure is _______.

Back 216

Zero

Front 217

At 55% VC, the lungs want to collapse at _________ and the rib cage wants to _____________.

Back 217

7cm H2O, do nothing

Front 218

At 55% VC, the relaxation pressure is __________.

Back 218

+7cm H2O

Front 219

The desired subglottal pressure for normal conversational speech is _____________.

Back 219

+7 cm H2O

Front 220

REL is where we start ____________ and end ___________.

Back 220

Inhalation; exhalation

Front 221

Positive relaxation pressure means the lung-thoracic unit wants to ___________________.

Back 221

Collapse

Front 222

Two place cues for nasal consonants are ___________ and ________________________.

Back 222

Antiformants; direction of the F2 transition

Front 223

From 0% to 55% VC, the rib cage wants to __________.

Back 223

Expand

Front 224

From 55% to 100%, the rib cage wants to __________.

Back 224

Collapse

Front 225

The rib cage is at equilibrium at what percent VC?

Back 225

55%

Front 226

Alveolar pressure is influenced by _________________________________.

Back 226

Relaxation pressure

Front 227

At 100% VC, when we exhale, do we contract exhalation muscles?

Back 227

No

Front 228

At 100% VC, what causes the lung-thoracic unit to collapse?

Back 228

Relaxation pressure

Front 229

If you want to exhale past 38% VC, then you must use _____________________.

Back 229

Muscles of exhalation

Front 230

At 100% VC, ________________ is collapsing the lung-thoracic unit at +40cm H2O, causing the ____________________ to be +40cmH2O.

Back 230

Relaxation pressure, alveolar pressure

Front 231

As soon as you relax muscles of inhalation, what happens?

Back 231

We begin to relax and relaxation pressure kicks in to collapse the unit

Front 232

As relaxation pressure decreases, alveolar pressure ________________.

Back 232

Decreases

Front 233

While muscles of inhalation are engaged/contracted, the alveolar pressure is __________________.

Back 233

0cm H2O

Front 234

As soon as muscles of inhalation relax, the alveolar pressure __________________________.

Back 234

Increases to match that of the relaxation pressure.

Front 235

To speak louder than normal conversational level, the alveolar pressure ______________.

Back 235

Increases

Front 236

To speak softer than normal conversational level, the alveolar pressure ________________.

Back 236

Decreases

Front 237

7cm H2O occurs at ________________.

Back 237

55% Vital Capacity

Front 238

Can we rely on relaxation pressure to generate speech?

Back 238

Not really; we'd only be able to utter a few syllables because we'd run out of air too quickly.

Front 239

Active inhalation occurs _________________.

Back 239

Above REL

Front 240

Above REL, passive _____________ occurs.

Back 240

Exhalation

Front 241

Above REL, the lung-thoracic unit wants to _______________________.

Back 241

Collapse back to REL, doesn't need active muscle contraction to exhale.

Front 242

Active exhalation occurs __________.

Back 242

Below REL

Front 243

Passive inhalation occurs _______________.

Back 243

Below REL

Front 244

When relaxation pressure is _______________, we must push out air suing muscles of exhalation.

Back 244

Below REL

Front 245

When relaxation pressure is below REL, the lung-thoracic unit wants to expand. We don't need active muscle contraction for ___________.

Back 245

Inhalation

Front 246

Below REL, ____________________ causes lung-thoracic unit to _______________ once exhalation muscles stop contracting.

Back 246

Relaxation pressure; expand

Front 247

___________________ doesn't go below REL (38% VC).

Back 247

Quiet respiration

Front 248

During quiet respiration, we contract ______________ to inhale and _______ to exhale.

Back 248

Diaphragm; relax muscles

Front 249

When producing /a/ at normal conversational level, we must push the air in lungs out with a pressure of ________ in order to vibrate ______________.

Back 249

+7 cmH2O; vocal folds

Front 250

What occurs when breathing from REL to 100% VC?

Back 250

Contract diaphragm and muscles of inhalation; the volume of lungs increases; the alveolar pressure becomes negative; air rushes in

Front 251

What occurs when you relax muscles of inhalation at 100% VC?

Back 251

Relaxation pressure is +40cm H2O, relaxation pressure causes unit to collapse which causes volume of lungs to decrease which increases alveolar pressure, air rushes out

Front 252

When we contract muscles of inhalation to control how air is released.

Back 252

Checking system

Front 253

At 100% VC, relaxation pressure is +40cm H2O and speaking with +40cm H2O would be too loud and not sustainable, we must use ________________ to speak at 7cmH2O via passive exhalation.

Back 253

Checking action

Front 254

Past view of the role of abdominal muscles

Back 254

Abdominal muscles contribute only near the end of the expiration phase or for loud speech

Front 255

New view of the role of abdominal muscles

Back 255

Abdominal muscles are active throughout the expiratory phase of speech breathing; abs supply platform for gaining maximal advantage from the expiratory activities of the rib cage; abs help keep the diaphragm at an optimal length

Front 256

Vegetative functions of the larynx

Back 256

Respiration; pressure; protection of the airway during swallowing

Front 257

Medial compression

Back 257

Adduction by interarytenoids (transverse and oblique); glottal chink and stretching force; adjusts the rate of VF vibration

Front 258

Another name for the airway at the level of the vocal cords is the glottis, and the opening between the cords is called the _______________.

Back 258

Glottal chink

Front 259

________________ prevents recoil forces of lung-thoracic unit from generating too much or insufficient subglottal pressure

Back 259

Checking action

Front 260

Past view about muscle activation during speech

Back 260

Active muscular forces shut off whenever passive recoil forces are sufficient to generate the desired subglottal pressure

Front 261

New view about muscle activation during speech

Back 261

Muscle forces are active throughout the speech breathing cycle.

Front 262

Activation muscles throughout speech breathing is more _______ than turning muscles off/on.

Back 262

Efficient

Front 263

Sustained muscle activation during speech _____________________________________________________________.

Back 263

Allows for very rapid and small adjustments in psg, as need in speech.

Front 264

To make a sustained /a/

Back 264

Inhale; adduct folds; begin exhalation; psg build up below folds so pressure below folds is greater than pressure above folds

Front 265

Transglottal difference

Back 265

Average difference between subglottal pressure and supraglottal (oral) pressure

Front 266

Pressure in oral cavity, above the folds, is _______________________.

Back 266

Atmospheric