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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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materials used to support a speaker's ideas
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supporting materials
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3 Kinds of Major Supporting Materials
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Examples
Statistics Testimony |
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specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, or conditions
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Example
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specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
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Brief example
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story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point
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Extended example
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example that describes an imaginary example
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Hypothetical example
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5 Tips for Using Examples
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Clarify your ideas
Reinforce your ideas Personalize your ideas Make examples vivid and richly textured Practice your delivery to enhance examples |
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numerical data
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statistics
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average value of a group of numbers
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mean
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middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest
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median
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number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers
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mode
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Tips for Using Statistics
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Use to quantify ideas
Use sparingly Identify sources Explain stats Round off complicated stats Use vidual aids to clarify statistical trends |
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quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
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Testimony
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testimony from people who are recognized as experts in their field
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Expert Testimony
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testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
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Peer Testimony
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testimony that is presented word for word
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Direct Quotation
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to restate or summarize a sources ideas in one's own words
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Paraphrase
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quoting a statement in way that distorts its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases around it
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Quoting Out of Context
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Tips for Using Testimony
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Quote or paraphrase accurately
Use testimony from qualified sources Use testimony from unbiased sources Identify the people you quote or paraphrase |
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putting a speech together a particular way to achieve a particular result
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Strategic Organization
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major points developed in body of speech
usually between 2 and 5 |
Main points
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5 Types of Ordering Main Points
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Chronological
Spatial Causal Problem-solution Topical |
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Tips for preparing main points
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Keep main points separate
Use same pattern of wording for main points Balance amount of time devoted to main points |
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when main points follow a time pattern
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Chronological order
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when main points follow a directional pattern
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Spatial order
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when main points show a cause-effect relationship
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Causal order
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when first main point presents a problem and second presents solution
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Problem-solution order
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when main points are divided into subtopics
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Topical order
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4 Different Connectives
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Transitions
Internal Previews Internal Summaries Signposts |
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word that connects ideas of speech and indicates relationship between them
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Connective
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word or phrase that indicates when speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
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Transition
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statement in body of speech that lets audience know what speaker will discuss next
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Internal Preview
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statement in body of speech that summarizes speaker's preceding points
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Internal Summary
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brief statement that indicates where speaker is in the speech or focuses attention on key ideas
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Signposts
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keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
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Audience-centeredness
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process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences
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Identification
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tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being
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Egocentrism
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audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors
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Demographic audience analysis
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Types of Demographic Audience Analysis
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Age
Gender Sexual Orientation Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background Religion Group Membership |
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Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors
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Situational audience analysis
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Types of Situational Audience Analysis
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Size
Physical setting Disposition toward the Topic Disposition toward speaker Disposition toward occasion |
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frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.
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Attitude
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3 Dispositions Toward a Topic
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Interest
Knowledge Attitude |
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2 Ways to Get Information from Audience
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Interviewing
Questionnaires |
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questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternative
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Fixed-alternative questions
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questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers
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Scale questions
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questions that allow respondents to answer however they want
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Open-ended questions
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listing of books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library
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Catalogue
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number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals, and to indicate where thay can be found on the shelves
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Call number
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research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines
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Periodical Database
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summary of magazine or journal article, written by someone other than original author
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Abstract
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Types of Reference Works
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Encyclopedias
Yearbooks Dictionaries Quotation Books Biographical Aids Atlases and Gazetteers |
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work that symthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers
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Reference Work
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comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge
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General Encyclopedia
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reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music, etc.
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Special Encyclopedia
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reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year
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Yearbook
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reference work that provides information about people
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Biographical Aid
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book of maps
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Atlas
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a geographical dictionary
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Gazetteer
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program used to find information on the World Wide Web
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Search Aid
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search aid that indexes Web pages and checks them for sites that match a researcher's request
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Search Engine
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search aid that combines Internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing
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Virtual Library
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multitude of Web databases that are not indexed by search engines
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Invisible Web
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feature in a Web borwser that stores links to Web sites so they can be easily revisited
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Bookmark
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organization that is responsible for the content of a document on the internet
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Sponsoring Organization
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interview conducted to gather information for a speech
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Research Interview
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5 Things to do Before Interview
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Define purpose of interview
Decide whom to interview Arrange the interview Decide whether to record interview Prepare you questions |
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6 Things to do During Interview
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Dress appropriately and be on time
Repeat purpose of interview Set up recorder Keep interview on track Listen carefully Don't overstay your welcome |
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Tips for Doing Research
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Start early
Make a preliminary bibliography Take notes effectively Think about materials you research |
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list compiled early in research process of works that look like they contain helpful information
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Preliminary Bibliography
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