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64 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Garret's Model

Speech Error


1. Message Level


2. Sentence Level


3. Motor Level


Lemma/lexeme distinction


Predicts distinct and independent error types associated with different levels


supported by TOT and errors within specific domains


Distinguishing features - Independent errors

1. Message Level

Garret


Semantic level

2. Sentence level

Garret


(Syntactic Level)


Functional Level - matching of semantic (lexical) and syntactic (functional) representations


Positional Level - Word order

3. Motor Level

Garret


(Phonological Level)


Articulatory Level

Levelt Model

Chronometric


1. Conceptualizer


2. Formulator


3. Articulator


Lexeme/lemma distinction


Accounts for syntactic transformations



1. Conceptualizer

Levelt


Preverbal message

2. Formulator

Levelt


Phonetic plan

3. Articulator

Levelt


Carrying out the gesture(s)

Dell's Model

Chronometric


1. Semantic Level


2. Lexical Level


3. Phonological Level


No Lemma/Lexeme distinction


Full cascading; connectionist model; interactive.


Predicts mixed errors, more errors for rare words than frequent.


Supported by mixed errors & frequency effect as seen in homophones (frequency does not affect production of rare vs. frequent).


Does not account for syntax, accounts well for mixed errors.

Roelof's WEAVER Model

Chronometric


1. Semantic Level


2. Lemma Level


3. Phonological Level


Lemma/lexeme distinction


Bi-directional spreading between semantic and lemma levels


No spreading between the lemma and phonological levels


Predicts a semantic facilitation effect


Supported by picture-word interference paradigm & the implicit priming paradigm


Accounts for prosody


Very clear lemma lexeme distinction

2. Lexeme Level

Roelof


(distinguishes between lemma and lexeme)


Lemma - Represents a word's meaning and syntactic properties, not phonologically specified


Lexeme - represents a word's morphological and phonological properties, not syntactically or semantically specified

3. Phonological Level

Roelof


Metrical frames - mental concept that contains information on the word's number of syllables and stress pattern across syllables

Encoding

Producing

Decoding

when you're hearing strings of sound and you have to decode what they mean

Fuzzy Logical

We categorize based on features. If there is uncertainty or interruption, you map it to the closest thing you have. your mind goes to some sort of prototype (general something for something)

Suprasegmentals

Syllable structure, tone, inflection - beyond just segments (phonemes). Stress/metric form.


Ex:


What was said: Conduct ascents uphill


What was heard: The doctor sends the bill; a duck descends some pill.


A highly unlikely phrase is heard, this is due to a shift in stress

Categorical Perception

We categorize sounds according to features. When features change, such as VOT, a new category is perceived. this shows that humans categorize sounds according to features, and we are very sensitive to it.

Perseverance

Lolly-pop turns to lolly-lop. You carry the 'L' to the next word.


Platform-->platporm

Anticipation

Lolly-pop turns into polly-lop. Because you're anticipating the 'P' it comes first.


Platform-->flatform

Blends

Phonological errors


Grool (great and cool) combining words

Blended errors

mixed errors, something has gone wrong at multiple levels, or you can't decide which level something has gone wrong.


ex: Cat Rat


they share semantic and phonological features so interchanging the two would be a blended error.

Deletion

Platform-->patform


You have something that should be voiced and you de-voice it, or vice versa.


Just a change in the voicing.

Metathesis

Platform-->flatporm


switching.


Platform-->fatplorm

Substitution

platform-->platdorm


just replaced by a random phoneme

Poverty of the stimulus

Children do not acquire language solely on input received.


input is inadequate.


All children with normal neurological functions are able to figure out their first language.

Features of Human Language

Language is universal, innate to all humans. Human language is distinct from the language of all other species. Infinitely creative, even with language specific constraints.

Language universals

All languages have systems of vowels and consonants.


Every language can negate, compose questions, and issue commands.


all sentences need a subject and a verb.


Conjunctive phrases cannot be separated and all languages have numeric systems.

Thoughts vs. Language

Thoughts can occur without language (infants, the impaired)


Relating thoughts - music, art, gestures

Theory of the mind

ability to perceive others as different from yourself

Linguistic Competence

What you know about your language (parameters, constraints, rules), Lexicon.

Linguistic Performance

How you use your linguistic knowledge

Syllable structure/sonority

All peaks of syllables are at the nucleus of the syllable

Bottom up

Natural default, you start from the bottom with just sounds and form them into words

Top down

when there's some sort of interference and you have to go to context to figure out what was said

Natural Speech: Invariance Problem

Features vary or alter depending on their context and speaking rate.


Perceptions of features vary.

Natural Speech: Segmentation Problem

Certain phonemic features are lost in speech


It's difficult to isolate segments from each other


co-articulation


attributing phonemes to differing syllabic positions

Phoneme Restoration

Type of top down process


one phoneme isn't clear so you look to features and context


legislature example


Cough covers 'S' but that's the only thing that could be there, so you just hear it

Right Ear Advantage

You hear better out of your right ear because it's connected to your left hemisphere which is linked with language

Slips of the ear

Resemble phoneme restoration


incorrect phoneme is perceived due to distraction, noise, ambiguity

McGurk Effect

Bimodal perception


Use audio and visual cues to perceive speech

Speech Perception

Motor theory


General auditory


Direct realist

Motor theory

separate systems for speech and non-speech sounds

General auditory

sound is sound

Direct realist

Same system but with acoustic waveforms

Tip of the Tongue

Speaker can't retrieve a word


the meaning is present


phonological representation isn't available


tells us we first go to lexical information before we get phonological information

Morpheme based model

Predicts we parse all words


even mono-morphemic words


we treat all words as morphologically complex


morphemes stored separately in the lexicon

Lexeme based models

Looking at the whole word


Tied more to semantic propertiesVisual-stimulus - word in print


Morphological complex and simple forms are all stored in thesame place because they're all words


Lexemes have morphemes but this model claims you accessmeaning before morphology

Priming effects

Prime: something that you're exposed to on your way to the target


inhibits - takes longer to get where you need to go


facilitate- it helps you get there


different types of primes


Semantic: apple-->banana


Morphological: baker-->bake


Orthographic: blue-->blur

Transparency

Clearly related to the meaning of their base (punishment and punish) related in meaning

Opacity

Words are etymologically but not semantically related to their base (casualty and casual) Unrealted in meaning

Content words

open-class. we add new words to our language. Lexical. Major. POS: n, v, adj, adv

Function words

closed-class. rarely come up with new ones. functional.

Free morpheme

can stand on its own

Bound

Must be attached cannot stand on its own

Derivational

Change the meaning and or part of speech operant class or content words.


un-;re-;pre-;-ness;-ly;-able

Inflectional

Grammatical relationship, do not change POS or meaning


s (p), s (verbal infection), 's

Compounds

When you stick free morphemes together to form a new lexical entry Steak knife, even though they're two separate words, they're stored as one entry. Like, we wouldn’t say steaks knives All of the elements bring meaning

Headedness

Head is where you get the part of speech, generally right headed in English

Endocentric

When the compound is a type of its head Horsefly, type of fly. Long jump, type of jump

Exocentric

When the compound is not a type of its head Adam's apple- not a type of apple

Principle of compositionality

Words are more than just semantic features

Productivity

A morpheme that’s used frequently is considered productive Meaning of affixes is so salient that they can construct a new meaning, such as ish Productive morphemes are used to create new words

Ambiguous

Different order of attaching will create a different meaning

Unambiguous

the meaning doesn’t change, or attachment can only happen one way