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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Garret's Model |
Speech Error 1. Message Level 2. Sentence Level 3. Motor Level Lemma/lexeme distinction Predicts distinct and independent error types associated with different levels supported by TOT and errors within specific domains Distinguishing features - Independent errors |
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1. Message Level |
Garret Semantic level |
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2. Sentence level |
Garret (Syntactic Level) Functional Level - matching of semantic (lexical) and syntactic (functional) representations Positional Level - Word order |
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3. Motor Level |
Garret (Phonological Level) Articulatory Level |
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Levelt Model |
Chronometric 1. Conceptualizer 2. Formulator 3. Articulator Lexeme/lemma distinction Accounts for syntactic transformations |
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1. Conceptualizer |
Levelt Preverbal message |
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2. Formulator |
Levelt Phonetic plan |
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3. Articulator |
Levelt Carrying out the gesture(s) |
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Dell's Model |
Chronometric 1. Semantic Level 2. Lexical Level 3. Phonological Level No Lemma/Lexeme distinction Full cascading; connectionist model; interactive. Predicts mixed errors, more errors for rare words than frequent. Supported by mixed errors & frequency effect as seen in homophones (frequency does not affect production of rare vs. frequent). Does not account for syntax, accounts well for mixed errors. |
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Roelof's WEAVER Model |
Chronometric 1. Semantic Level 2. Lemma Level 3. Phonological Level Lemma/lexeme distinction Bi-directional spreading between semantic and lemma levels No spreading between the lemma and phonological levels Predicts a semantic facilitation effect Supported by picture-word interference paradigm & the implicit priming paradigm Accounts for prosody Very clear lemma lexeme distinction |
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2. Lexeme Level |
Roelof (distinguishes between lemma and lexeme) Lemma - Represents a word's meaning and syntactic properties, not phonologically specified Lexeme - represents a word's morphological and phonological properties, not syntactically or semantically specified |
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3. Phonological Level |
Roelof Metrical frames - mental concept that contains information on the word's number of syllables and stress pattern across syllables |
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Encoding |
Producing |
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Decoding |
when you're hearing strings of sound and you have to decode what they mean |
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Fuzzy Logical |
We categorize based on features. If there is uncertainty or interruption, you map it to the closest thing you have. your mind goes to some sort of prototype (general something for something) |
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Suprasegmentals |
Syllable structure, tone, inflection - beyond just segments (phonemes). Stress/metric form. Ex: What was said: Conduct ascents uphill What was heard: The doctor sends the bill; a duck descends some pill. A highly unlikely phrase is heard, this is due to a shift in stress |
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Categorical Perception |
We categorize sounds according to features. When features change, such as VOT, a new category is perceived. this shows that humans categorize sounds according to features, and we are very sensitive to it. |
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Perseverance |
Lolly-pop turns to lolly-lop. You carry the 'L' to the next word. Platform-->platporm |
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Anticipation |
Lolly-pop turns into polly-lop. Because you're anticipating the 'P' it comes first. Platform-->flatform |
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Blends |
Phonological errors Grool (great and cool) combining words |
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Blended errors |
mixed errors, something has gone wrong at multiple levels, or you can't decide which level something has gone wrong. ex: Cat Rat they share semantic and phonological features so interchanging the two would be a blended error. |
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Deletion |
Platform-->patform You have something that should be voiced and you de-voice it, or vice versa. Just a change in the voicing. |
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Metathesis |
Platform-->flatporm switching. Platform-->fatplorm |
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Substitution |
platform-->platdorm just replaced by a random phoneme |
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Poverty of the stimulus |
Children do not acquire language solely on input received. input is inadequate. All children with normal neurological functions are able to figure out their first language. |
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Features of Human Language |
Language is universal, innate to all humans. Human language is distinct from the language of all other species. Infinitely creative, even with language specific constraints. |
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Language universals |
All languages have systems of vowels and consonants. Every language can negate, compose questions, and issue commands. all sentences need a subject and a verb. Conjunctive phrases cannot be separated and all languages have numeric systems. |
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Thoughts vs. Language |
Thoughts can occur without language (infants, the impaired) Relating thoughts - music, art, gestures |
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Theory of the mind |
ability to perceive others as different from yourself |
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Linguistic Competence |
What you know about your language (parameters, constraints, rules), Lexicon. |
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Linguistic Performance |
How you use your linguistic knowledge |
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Syllable structure/sonority |
All peaks of syllables are at the nucleus of the syllable |
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Bottom up |
Natural default, you start from the bottom with just sounds and form them into words |
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Top down |
when there's some sort of interference and you have to go to context to figure out what was said |
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Natural Speech: Invariance Problem |
Features vary or alter depending on their context and speaking rate. Perceptions of features vary. |
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Natural Speech: Segmentation Problem |
Certain phonemic features are lost in speech It's difficult to isolate segments from each other co-articulation attributing phonemes to differing syllabic positions |
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Phoneme Restoration |
Type of top down process one phoneme isn't clear so you look to features and context legislature example Cough covers 'S' but that's the only thing that could be there, so you just hear it |
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Right Ear Advantage |
You hear better out of your right ear because it's connected to your left hemisphere which is linked with language |
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Slips of the ear |
Resemble phoneme restoration incorrect phoneme is perceived due to distraction, noise, ambiguity |
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McGurk Effect |
Bimodal perception Use audio and visual cues to perceive speech |
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Speech Perception |
Motor theory General auditory Direct realist |
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Motor theory |
separate systems for speech and non-speech sounds |
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General auditory |
sound is sound |
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Direct realist |
Same system but with acoustic waveforms |
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Tip of the Tongue |
Speaker can't retrieve a word the meaning is present phonological representation isn't available tells us we first go to lexical information before we get phonological information |
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Morpheme based model |
Predicts we parse all words even mono-morphemic words we treat all words as morphologically complex morphemes stored separately in the lexicon |
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Lexeme based models |
Looking at the whole word Tied more to semantic propertiesVisual-stimulus - word in print Morphological complex and simple forms are all stored in thesame place because they're all words Lexemes have morphemes but this model claims you accessmeaning before morphology |
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Priming effects |
Prime: something that you're exposed to on your way to the target inhibits - takes longer to get where you need to go facilitate- it helps you get there different types of primes Semantic: apple-->banana Morphological: baker-->bake Orthographic: blue-->blur |
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Transparency |
Clearly related to the meaning of their base (punishment and punish) related in meaning |
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Opacity |
Words are etymologically but not semantically related to their base (casualty and casual) Unrealted in meaning |
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Content words |
open-class. we add new words to our language. Lexical. Major. POS: n, v, adj, adv |
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Function words |
closed-class. rarely come up with new ones. functional. |
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Free morpheme |
can stand on its own |
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Bound |
Must be attached cannot stand on its own |
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Derivational |
Change the meaning and or part of speech operant class or content words. un-;re-;pre-;-ness;-ly;-able |
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Inflectional |
Grammatical relationship, do not change POS or meaning s (p), s (verbal infection), 's |
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Compounds |
When you stick free morphemes together to form a new lexical entry Steak knife, even though they're two separate words, they're stored as one entry. Like, we wouldn’t say steaks knives All of the elements bring meaning |
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Headedness |
Head is where you get the part of speech, generally right headed in English |
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Endocentric |
When the compound is a type of its head Horsefly, type of fly. Long jump, type of jump |
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Exocentric |
When the compound is not a type of its head Adam's apple- not a type of apple |
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Principle of compositionality |
Words are more than just semantic features |
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Productivity |
A morpheme that’s used frequently is considered productive Meaning of affixes is so salient that they can construct a new meaning, such as ish Productive morphemes are used to create new words |
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Ambiguous |
Different order of attaching will create a different meaning |
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Unambiguous |
the meaning doesn’t change, or attachment can only happen one way |