Speech Final Exam Study Guide

Front 1

In dyadic communication, who are we interacting with?

Back 1

one-to-one

Front 2

What are the essential elements of human communication?

Back 2

people, messages, channels, noise, context, feedback, and effect

Front 3

What do channels of communication include?

Back 3

sight and sound

Front 4

What is noise?

Back 4

Anything that interferes with or distorts our ability to send or receive messages

Front 5

According to your text, can intellectual ability create noise in communication?

Back 5

Yes

Front 6

Feedback that is designed to encourage us to continue behaving as we are is called what?

Back 6

Positive feedback

Front 7

According to psychologist William Schutz, we all have a need for what?

Back 7

inclusion, control, and affection

Front 8

According to your text, communication is at the core of what?

Back 8

humanness

Front 9

The transmission of messages processed by gatekeepers prior to their being sent to a large audience is called what?

Back 9

interpersonal communication

Front 10

When a message generated by one culture needs to be processed by a member of another culture, the interactants are communicating in what way?

Back 10

interracially

Front 11

People displaying ethnocentric tendencies might go out of their way to maintain distance from people who are what?

Back 11

from different cultures

Front 12

What is cultural relativism?

Back 12

the acceptance of other cultural groups as equal in value to one's own

Front 13

The United States is now the most/least demographically diverse country in the world?

Back 13

most

Front 14

Individualistic countries include what countries?

Back 14

Great Britain, U.S., Canada, France, and Germany

Front 15

Collectivistic countries include what countries?

Back 15

Arab, African, Asian, and Latin American countries

Front 16

Cultures that are high-context communication systems are bound by what?

Back 16

tradition

Front 17

Cultures that are low-context communication systems exhibit what?

Back 17

a more direct communication style

Front 18

A(n) _________ consists of a system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors used by members.

Back 18

culture

Front 19

Interpreting and sharing messages with people from different races is called what?

Back 19

interracial communication

Front 20

The melting pot philosophy assumes what?

Back 20

that different cultures should be assimilated into the dominant culture

Front 21

The means by which co-culture members attempt to fit in with members of the dominant culture is called what?

Back 21

assimilation

Front 22

Why do prejudices arise?

Back 22

Either we want to feel more positively about our own group or we feel others present a threat real or not

Front 23

What does your self-concept consist of?

Back 23

self-image and self-esteem

Front 24

When does a self-fulfilling prophecy occur?

Back 24

when an individual's expectation of an event helps create the conditions that permit that event to happen

Front 25

Robert Rosenthal discovered that when teachers expected children to do well, the children did what?

Back 25

well

Front 26

Whereas the Pygmalion effect relates to the expectations that others have for us, what does the Galatea effect relate to?

Back 26

the expectations we have for ourselves

Front 27

What are the four quadrants of the Johari window?

Back 27

open, blind, hidden, and unknown

Front 28

To a large extent, your self-concept is shaped by what?

Back 28

self-image and self-esteem

Front 29

Older Americans tend to have a self-concept that is _______ younger Americans.

Back 29

lower than that of

Front 30

Researcher Martin Seligman found that optimists are more/less successful than pessimists?

Back 30

more

Front 31

The Galatea effect refers to expectations we have for who?

Back 31

ourselves

Front 32

An idiocentric orientation refers to what?

Back 32

an individualistic point of view

Front 33

What is self-discovery?

Back 33

When you find out who you truly are

Front 34

Some people feel that reinforcing self-esteem can precipitate a culture of what?

Back 34

bullying

Front 35

Perception is the process of what?

Back 35

making sense out of experience

Front 36

Our past experiences provide us with expectations. These expectations are sometimes called what?

Back 36

perceptual sets

Front 37

We tend to see what we want to see and hear what we want to hear. This is a result of what?

Back 37

selective attention

Front 38

The tendency to make judgments on the basis of first impressions is called what?

Back 38

primacy effect

Front 39

What is a stereotype?

Back 39

a generalization about people, places, or events held by many members of a society

Front 40

What do we do when we "blinder" ourselves?

Back 40

We unconsciously add restrictions that limit our perceptual capabilities

Front 41

The primacy effect is a what?

Back 41

first impression

Front 42

We desire to perceive experience exactly as we have perceived it in the past. This is called what?

Back 42

perceptual constancy

Front 43

A biased negative attitude about a group of people is called what?

Back 43

prejudice

Front 44

What does selective perception refer to?

Back 44

We see the world as we think it should be

Front 45

Cultural nearsightedness refers to what?

Back 45

It's hard to understand that everyone behaves differently

Front 46

What do we do when we practice selective exposure?

Back 46

We don't want to try anything new

Front 47

"A unified system of symbols that permits a sharing of meaning" describes

Back 47

language

Front 48

The "triangle of meaning" shows that

Back 48

the word is not the thing and there is no direct connection between the two

Front 49

Denotation refers to

Back 49

The objective or dictionary meaning of a word

Front 50

The connotative meaning of a word is

Back 50

the subjective meaning of a word

Front 51

Powertalkers

Back 51

They direct the action; or assume control

Front 52

When people "bypass" one another, they use

Back 52

the same word or phrase but give it different meanings

Front 53

To avoid bypassing, you should

Back 53

be "person-minded" instead of "word-minded"

Front 54

Meanings are in

Back 54

everything

Front 55

The belief that language influences how we interpret the world is called

Back 55

linguistic determinism

Front 56

Words that are discriminatory but are not literally racist are called

Back 56

racial code words

Front 57

A euphemism

Back 57

can help conceal a communicator's meaning by making the message delivered appear more congenial than it actually is

Front 58

What is Netiquette?

Back 58

rules of the Internet

Front 59

According to theorists such as Mehrabian, Knapp, and Birdwhistell, approximately how much of a normal two-person conversation is communicated nonverbally?

Back 59

65%

Front 60

Kinesics is a term for

Back 60

the study of the relationship between human body motion, or body language, and communication

Front 61

Which nonverbal mode is the main channel for communicating emotions?

Back 61

facial expressions

Front 62

Eye contact and lack of eye contact give us certain types of information, including letting us know

Back 62

emotions

Front 63

What is paralanguage?

Back 63

vocal cues that accompany spoken language

Front 64

Highness or lowness of the voice--pitch--is a part of

Back 64

pitch on a musical scale

Front 65

Edward Hall uses the term proxemics to refer to

Back 65

human beings' "use of space"

Front 66

Which distance is used most often during a normal conversation with friends?

Back 66

personal distance

Front 67

The term haptics refers to

Back 67

the study of the use of touch

Front 68

Artifacts in nonverbal communication include

Back 68

jewelry and clothing

Front 69

Jewelry is an example of

Back 69

artifactual communication

Front 70

On the average, about how much of our communicative time is spent listening?

Back 70

Between 42 and 53%

Front 71

Most people would estimate that they listen at about 75 percent efficiency; that is, they retain about 75 percent of what is said. In fact, according to research, this estimate is

Back 71

actually 25%

Front 72

When we give evaluative feedback, we

Back 72

state our opinion about a matter being discussed

Front 73

"Red flag" words

Back 73

produce emotional deafness, sending listening efficiency down to 0.

Front 74

What is paraphrasing?

Back 74

Restating in your own words what another person has said

Front 75

An interpersonal relationship is

Back 75

a meaningful connection, such as friendship, between two people

Front 76

Which interpersonal need has to do with giving and receiving love and experiencing an emotionally close relationship?

Back 76

affection

Front 77

If our need for affection goes unfulfilled, what are we likely to conclude?

Back 77

We are unlovable and that people will remain emotionally detached from us

Front 78

William Schutz notes that inclusion has to do with the problem of what?

Back 78

loneliness

Front 79

Breadth of a relationship has to do with what?

Back 79

loneliness

Front 80

Depth of a relationship has to do with what?

Back 80

how central the topics are to your self-concept and how much you reveal

Front 81

At which stage of a relationship are two individuals first identified as a pair or a "package"?

Back 81

Stage 4: Integrating

Front 82

At which stage of a relationship do people begin to share things in common, disclose more, and become better at predicting each other's behavior?

Back 82

Stage 3: Intensifying

Front 83

The varying degrees to which we all need to maintain a feeling of mutual interest with others is called?

Back 83

Inclusion

Front 84

According to the ______ theory, we work to maintain a relationship only as long as the benefits outweigh the costs.

Back 84

cost-benefit/social exchange

Front 85

The grief process includes what stages?

Back 85

Denial, Anger, Guilt, Depression, Acceptance

Front 86

What is an emotion state?

Back 86

A particular emotional process of limited duration

Front 87

What is an emotion trait?

Back 87

The tendency to experience specific emotions when interacting with others

Front 88

According to some researchers, which people are more likely than others to die early?

Back 88

hostile people

Front 89

What are the major factors influencing attraction?

Back 89

Attractiveness, Proximity, Reinforcement, Similarity, Complementarity

Front 90

Emotional intelligence includes

Back 90

the ability to motivate oneself, to control impulses, to recognize and regulate one's moods, to empathize, and to hope

Front 91

What is the definition of an acquaintanceship?

Back 91

relationships with persons we know by name and with whom we converse when the chance arises

Front 92

What is the customary order of the development of a friendship?

Back 92

role-limited friendly relationships

Front 93

In which type of interview is the interviewer usually a superior from management?

Back 93

appraisal

Front 94

What is the purpose of an appraisal interview?

Back 94

To evaluate what the interviewee is doing well and what he needs to work on

Front 95

What is included in the opening phase of an interview?

Back 95

Provides an orientation to what will come

Front 96

During the body of a hiring interview, interviewer and interviewee typically do what?

Back 96

Discuss

Front 97

Both the interviewer and the interviewee should use the hiring interview to do what?

Back 97

Ask questions

Front 98

What is the best way to handle an illegal question in an interview?

Back 98

Respond to the illegal question with only what is necessary to answer

Front 99

What is the definition of a group?

Back 99

A collection of individuals who interact verbally and nonverbally

Front 100

For most tasks, a group with how many members seems to work best?

Back 100

5-7 people

Front 101

A group technique that is used to promote a free flow of ideas is called

Back 101

brainstorming

Front 102

What inhibits brainstorming?

Back 102

Ideas

Front 103

What are the characteristics of an effective group climate?

Back 103

supportiveness, participative, decision-making