Speech Exam #1

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Dyadic Communication

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a form of conversation between two people, as in a convo

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small group conversation

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involves a small number of people who can see and speak directly with one another

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mass communication

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occurs between a speaker and a large audience of unknown people who usually are not present with the speaker, or who are part of such an immense crowd that there can be little or no interaction between the speaker and listener

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public speaking

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a speaker delivers a message with a specific purpose to an audience of people who are present during the delivery of the speech

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public speaking

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a speaker delivers a message with a specific purpose to an audience of people who are present during the delivery of the speech

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channel

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the medium through which the speaker sends a message (example a phone or letter)

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shared meaning

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the mutual understanding of a message between speaker and audience

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rhetorical situation

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includes anything that influences the speaker, the audience, the occasion-and thus, ultimately the speech
ex) in a classroom setting the rhetorical sitch would include the speech assignment, the physical setting, the quality of other speakers presentations, and recent events on campus or in the outside world-helps you remain audience centered

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canons of rhetoric

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dividing the process of preparing speech into five parts: invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery

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ethnocentrism

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the belief that the ways of one's own culture are superior to those of other cultures; opposite of cultural sensitivity

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ethos

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ethics is derived from this greek word, means character

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defamatory

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speech that can potentially harm an individual's reputation at work or in the community

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first amendment

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guarantees freedom of speech-except for special circumstances

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dignity

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refers to ensuring that listeners feel worthy, honored, or respected as individuals

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integrity

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signals the speakers incorruptibility-that he or she will avoid compromising the truth for the sake of personal expediency

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whole-sale plagiarism

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occurs when you simply "cut and paste" material from sources into your speech and represent it as your own

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patchwrite plagiarism

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copying material into your speech draft from a source and then changing the wording around to make it appear as your own

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public domain

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anywhere from 1978 to the present a copyright is good for an authors lifetime plus 50 years , after that unless extended the work falls into the public domain- anyone can reproduce it

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doctrine of Fair Use

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permits the limited use of copyrighted works without permission for the purposes of schlarship, criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, or research

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selective perception

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people pay attention selectively to certain messages while ignoring others

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defensive listening

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people who engage in defensive listening decide either that they won't like what the speaker is going to say or that they know better

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pre-preparation anxiety

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this early stage can have several negative consequences, from reluctance to begin planning for the speech to becoming so preoccupied with anxiety that you miss vital information necessary to fulfill the speech assignment

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socioeconomic status

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includes income, occupation, and education-knowing where an audience falls in terms of these key variables can be critical in effectively targeting your message

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closed-ended questions

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elicit a small range of specific answers supplied by the interviewer

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fixer-alternative questions

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contain a limited choice of answers such as, yes, no, or sometimes

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scale questions

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also called attitude scales-measure the respondent's level of agreement or disagreement with specific issues

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general speech purpose

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answers the question, "why am i speaking on this topic to this particular audience on this occasion?"

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specific speech purpose

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lays out precisely what you want the audience to get from the speech
ask: "what do u want the audience to learn/do/consider/agree with?"

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lay testimony

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testimony by non-experts such as eye-witnesses, can reveal compelling firsthand information that may be unavailable to others

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propaganda

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information represented in such a way as to provoke a desired response. Encourages you to think in a particular way

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misinformation

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refers to something that is not true (urban legend)

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disinformation

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the deliberate falsification of information

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subject (web) directory

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a searchable database of sites, organized by a human editor, into categories such as "reference", "science", or "arts and humanities"

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paid placement

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some search engines and directories accept fees from companies in exchange for a guaranteed higher ranking within results

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paid inclusion

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accept fees to include companies in the full index of possible results, without a guarantee of ranking

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boolean operators

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words placed between the keywords in a search that specify how the keywords are related
ex) AND, OR, NOT,

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field searching

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"advanced search" goes beyond the basic search commands to narrow results even more

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parallel form

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state your main points in similar grammatical form and style; helps listeners understand and retain the points

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coordinate points

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points that are indicated by their parallel allignment

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subordinate points

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indicated by indentation below the more important points

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coordination and subordination

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the logical placement of ideas relative to their importance to one another.
cooridinate ideas are given equal weight.
subordinate ideas are given less weight

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signposts

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conjunctions or phrases:
next, first, we now turn...

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restate-forecast form

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transitions are often posed in this form, restating the point just covered and previewing the point to be covered next

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internal previews

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can be used to alert audience members to a shift from one main point to another

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internal summary

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draws together important ideas before the speaker proceeds to another speech point

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delivery basics

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content and delivery

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macro structure

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key to make sure audience can stay with you

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non-verbal communication

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inevitable; we are always sending messages non-verbally

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culturally and situationally bound

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non-verbal cues mean different things in different settings

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non-verbal cues are beleived

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audience is more likely to beleive non-verbal than verbal

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porxemics

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the way in which space and distance communicates
ex) close talkers

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chronemics

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the meanings that we attach to time
ex) speech is 5-7 minutes long- that's all no over no less

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eye-contact

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attempt to use eye contact 90% of the time; notes are reference tools

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para-language

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all elements of the voice other than the words themselves
ex) rate, volume, pitch, annunciation, and pronunciation

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intra-personal communication

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communication with oneself; thinking, journal, self-talk

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interpersonal communication

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communication between people with whom we have an identifiable relationship; interviewing, counseling, heart to heart

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impersonal communication

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communication between 2 people about general topics

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impromptu

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speaking with limited preparations-doesn't flow like we intend

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extemporaneous

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requires a speech be carefully researched and planned, but we prepare and use a speaking outline-no matter the method, this is always the goal
-spontaneous, conversational

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communication aprehension

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the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others

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trait-like aprehension

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feel anxious about speaking in most situations

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state-like

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short lived anxiety that occurs during a specfic encounter;parent, faculty meeting, class

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cognitive restructuring

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recognize thing in life that make us nervous

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systematic dissensitization

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snake thing

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skills building

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learning what we can use for communication; experience
-goal of this class

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conversational style

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talking to them, not at them
-formal conversation

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Practice

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PRACTICE OUTLOUD!

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primacy/recency effect

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more likely to remember the first and last items conveyed orally in a series rather than the items in between
-helps audience stay with us!

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content, confidence, connection

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"say what you're gonna say, say it, and say what you said!"

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microstructure

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the language we use and style choices we make constitute our structure

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three essentials of language and style

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appropriateness, clarity, vividness

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language

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symbolic and arbitrary:
dog -> picture of a dog
arbitrary symbol for this creature

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read 11 things we can do to strive for accuracy

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in notes

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jargin

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particular terminology of a trade or profession, not usually known by outsiders- AVOID THIS

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euphemisms

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mild words that substitute more blunt ones

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our aim is...

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appropriateness, clarity, vividness

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ethnocentric

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feel like what we feel or think is superior

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listening means..

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making choices-we really can't text and have a convo at the same time or watch tv and talk on the phone

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we actually only remember...

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50% of what we hear

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hearing

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biological process

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listening

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making a concious effort to hear; attaching meaning to what we hear

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components of listening

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hearing, attending, understanding, remembering

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listening functions

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information reception (understand and gather info)
empathy (understand and feel with the communicator)
criticism and discrimination (ability to understand and evaluate ideas)

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other afirmation

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recognizing and acknowledging others

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listening must be done genuinely

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swift and sincere

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barriers to listening:
hearing problems

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actual defects or health problems

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barriers to listening:
amount of input

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we can't listen to everything, impossible to attend to everything

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barriers to listening:
personal concerns

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things more important or priorities in mind

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barriers to listening:
rapid thought

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600 words a minute

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barriers to listening:
noise

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external, internal, any kind!

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poor-listening habits:
pseudo-listening

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fake listening, distracted mentally or physically

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poor-listening habits:
stage-hogging

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only interested in expressing our own ideas and thoughts

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poor-listening habits:
defensive listening

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taking innocent comments as personal attacks