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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Specific language impairment
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developmental language disorder
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aphasia is an example of this disorder
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acquired language disorder
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R's and L's are pronounced wrong
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articulation speech disorder
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hoarse
aphonia disphonia |
Voice speech disorders
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stuttering and cluttering
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Fluency speech disorder
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Oti tis media, middle ear infection, otisclerosis(stiff bones)...is not permanent
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conductive hearing disorder
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Age related(presbyousis) or noise induced loss....IS permanent
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sensorineural hearing disorder
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12 - 18 breaths per cycle
includes rib cage & diaphragm movt |
The respitory system
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depends on major and minor pectorals, intercostals, and diaphragm
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Inhalation
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Needs abs, obliques, and transverse abs
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Exhalation
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priamry function is protecting the trachea
secondary is voicing also called the voice box |
larynx
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locatted on the larynx
helps w/ swallowing |
epiglottis
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pull the vocal folds apart
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laryingal abductors
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pulls the vocal cords together
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laryingal adductors
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depends on major and minor pectorals, intercostals, and diaphragm
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Inhalation
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modifications of sound waves from larynx
includes pharynx, oral cavity(mandible, tongue), Velum, hard palate, nasal cavity |
The resonance system
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first cavity on top of larynx
facilitates passage of air/food also important in making shapes/sounds |
pharynx
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mandible determines size & tongue helps w/ flexibility in this cavity
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oral cavity
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soft and bendable
has job of flapping close and keeping out air from your nose |
velum ( soft palate )
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velum opens and closes this
disorders would include hyponasality - no flow of nasal air hypernasality - too much air in cavity |
velopharyngeal port
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facials, gestures, writing, sign language, posture
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non-verbal communication
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air in the chest
decreases as cavity gets larger increases as cavity gets smaller |
pulmonary air pressure
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making specific sounds
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articulation
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sounds that glide from one sound to another
two vowels together |
dipthongs
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can extend and shorten
made of facial muscles |
lips
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brain and the spinal cord
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Central nervous system
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large part of brain w/ 2 hemishperes
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cerebrum
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ball in the back of the brain
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cerebellum
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majority of brain is responsible for emotion, intelect, problem solving, personality
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frontal lobe
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reading and writing, spacial-relations, vestibular mechanism (balnace,orientation, posture)
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Parietal lobe
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viwsion center as brain receives input it translates, helps percieve 3 dimensions, staring
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Occipital lobe
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emotional coordination, memory, language comprehension, speech, hearing
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Temporal lobe
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body of fibers that runs through the middle of the brain it lets one side of the brain know what the other is doing
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corpus callosum
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dark rim around brain
where all cell bodies live neurons located here(support brain act.) everything originates here |
Cortex/gray matter
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provides channels for brain impulses to travel ( highways)
w/ the help of Myelin its quick and direct |
White matter
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Below the cortex
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Subcortacal
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Full of sensory receptors
dark |
thalamus
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subcorigal gray matter that is conected ot cerebellum
impaired movt if damaged |
basal ganglia
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located in frontal lobe
programs muscles in speech mechanism if damaged cant speak, but can understand |
Broca's area
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located in posterior of temporal/parietal lobes
if damaged cant understand language |
Wernicke's area
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overproduction of these
ones that arent used lots are ignored |
synaptic connections
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reduced brain size
fewer cells w/i layers of cortex smaller cerebral size reduced metabolic act. in language |
Down's syndrome
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Therapy for 0-3 yrs.
based on fact that brain pruses and is based on experiences |
Early Intervention
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Certain regions of brain are necessary for a particular skill/function
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Cerebral localization persepective
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emphasizes the interconnectedness of functinally related brain regions
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Connectionist perspective
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Connects to the Outside world
upper section is cranial nerves |
Periphereral Nervous System
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12 pairs of nerves that enter or exit the CNS w/i the cranial space occuppied by the brain and brainstem
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Cranial nerves
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motor brain
fine tunes movt connected to canals for balance |
cerebellum
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coordinates of visual and auditory reflexes
controls/assists w/ eye movts and postural reflexes |
Midbrain
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carries sensory and motor info that deals w/ balance and hearing
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Pons
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blends into ths spinal cord and contains life-support centers concerned w/ respiration and circulation
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Medulla
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Jaw movts and sensation in face
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Trigeminal
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facial muscles movts and sensation to the anterior 1/3 of tongue/palate
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Facial
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pharynx movts and sensation to posterior 2/3 of the tongue
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glossopharyngeal
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motor to the laryn, pharynx, soft palate, iaphragm, and heart.
sensory to the lungs, pharynx, larynx |
Vagus
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motor the the large muscles of the head, neck, and shoulders
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Accessory
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motor the the tongue and supra laryngeal muscles
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Hypoglossal
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carries info from the brain out to the body and from body to brain
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spinal cord
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the essence of sound
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motion
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molecules bunch close together
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compression
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moleculs spread apart and return to normal locations
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rarefaction
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rate of vibration
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frequency
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loudness
measured in decibels |
intensity
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pure tone w/ one frequency, not natural
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sine wave
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more than 1 frequency
more irregular but 3 cycles |
complex waveform
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completely random noice containing all frequencies w/ no cycle
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white noise
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visually represents sound over a duration of time
dark bands are vowels |
spectrogram
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sounds
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phoneme
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tempo, rhythm, and intonation with which the sounds and words are spoken
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prosody
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will identify children who disarticulate but wont identify problem of study it
should be natural speech |
screening
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designed to test most diffucult sounds for children
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articulation test
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weakness, parylasis, slowness, incoordination, sensory loss, hypernasal, disturbed cvoice quality, abnormal prosody
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Dysarthria
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no muscle weakness or paralysis, lesion in brain where motor movt is, speech inconsistent
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Apraxia
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four articulation errors
fisha for fish dith for dish ba for ball lisp |
addition
substitution ommission distortion |
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deletion of final consonant
deletion of unstressed syllable cluster reduction |
Syllable - simplification processes
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Regressive assimilation
progressive assimilation |
assimilation processes
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stopping
fronting |
substitution processes
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either side of midline of upper lip to right/left of bone that holds upper front teeth and along the midline of velum or hard palate
Fusing |
Clefting
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a number of motor sensory conditions that result from damage to or imperfect development of the CNS
motor delay |
Cerebral Palsy
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Severe tightness of muscles
respirator and voice breaks/very unclear |
Spasticity
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Involuntary muscle contractions
monotone voice |
Athetosis
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lack of balance, severe problems w/ coordinatin movt's
speech is slurred (drunken) |
Ataxia
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vegatative sounds
cry undifferentiated very little tongue movt loves contrast/human face |
Reflexive vocalizations/phonation stage/preverbal stage
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velar sounds predominate
tongue only goes in and out any vowel sounds are in back larynx is sitting high |
Cooing and Gooing Stage
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volume and intonation variation
tongue out smiles initially babbling is emerging/more control percieve segments of speech like rasberries/whispering |
Vocal Play/Expansion Stage
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consonant vowel
repeat same sequence larynx dropping sitting unassisted JOINT REFERENCE using gestures |
Canonical Babbling stage/reduplicated
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sounds like nonsense but carries intonation of our language
last step before first word |
Jargon stage/variegated babbling
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All means by which info is transmitted between a sender and a receiver
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communication
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involves the coding of meaning into a system of arbitrary symbols recognized by the community
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language
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includes awareness of sound, distinguish among sounds, processing sounds that occur at a rapid rate
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hearing
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pbdtkg
brief cessation of airflow followed by sudden release of sound |
sound/plosive
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paired consanants w/ same manner and place of production, but differ in dimension of voicing
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cognates
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f,v, s, z, h
articulators forming a tight constriction that produces some audible noice from the airflow |
fricatives
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all 9 fricatives
can go on as long as airflow is present |
continuants
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combinatons of a stop and a fricative
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affricate
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m,n,nj
velopharyngeal port open |
nasal
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r,l
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liquids/laterals
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w,j
semivowels that are consonants b/c of added constriction |
Glide
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grouped by place of articulation, manner, voiced/unvoiced
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consonants
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position and height of tongue and configuration of the lips
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vowels
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