Speech Comm Final

Front 1

Communication

Back 1

the irreversible process of understanding and sharing meaning

Front 2

Sender

Back 2

person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

Front 3

Message

Back 3

whatever a sender communicates to someone else

Front 4

Channel

Back 4

means by which a message is communicated (phone, voice, internet, etc)

Front 5

Receiver

Back 5

person who receives the sender's message

Front 6

Feedback

Back 6

the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a receiver to a sender
a. Positive
b. Negative
c. Person/ Message focused
d. Immediate/ Delayed

Front 7

Interference

Back 7

anything that impedes the communication of a message

Front 8

Physical Interference

Back 8

external noise (screech of cars, hallway noise) or internal noise (hungry)

Front 9

Physiological Interference

Back 9

physical barriers within the speaker or listener (can't see, hearing or memory loss)

Front 10

Semantic Interference

Back 10

assignment of different meanings by speaker and listener (using different languages, jargon use)

Front 11

Situation

Back 11

the time and place the communication occurs

Front 12

Stage Fright

Back 12

anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

Front 13

Fight-Flight-Freeze Response

Back 13

when our minds perceive a real or imagined threat, the brain is triggered to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to prepare the body to fight or flee from the situation. The resulting sensations from the biochemical reactions in our bodies are often labeled excessive "nervousness." The resulting behaviors can include avoiding the situation (fleeing), struggling through the nerve-racking experience (fighting) or mind blanking/ immobilization (freezing).

Front 14

How to deal with Communication Apprehension (nervousness)

Back 14

1. Acquire speaking experience
2. Practice the speech many times beforehand
3. Use the power of visualization
4. Realize that your nervousness is not visible
5. Deep abdominal breathing
6. Cognitive restructuring

Front 15

Cognitive restructuring

Back 15

technique used to systematically rebuild your thoughts regarding public speaking from negative/ anxious (cognitive distortions) to positive and affirming.

Front 16

Cognitive Restructuring

Back 16

1. Discover your anxious thoughts and create a list of ultimate worries and negative self-talk about public speaking
2. Identify the cognitive distortions and irrational beliefs on your list
3. Develop a list of positive coping statements to replace your cognitive distortions and irrational beliefs
4. Practice the new statements until they automatically replace your old beliefs

Front 17

Cognitive Distortions

Back 17

erroneous, unrealistic, negative thoughts

Front 18

Peephole Thinking

Back 18

means you focus on one negative detail to the exclusion of all other information.

Front 19

Psychic Reading

Back 19

means you anticipate the worst outcome or try to predict the future or what others are thinking.

Front 20

Microscopic Viewing

Back 20

means you look at a speech as an enormous event

Front 21

Emotional Reasoning

Back 21

means you rely on feelings to determine facts

Front 22

All-or-Nothing Categorizing

Back 22

means you believe if you make a mistake, your entire speech is a total disaster or failure.

Front 23

Nonverbal Communication

Back 23

Any mode of communication that exists outside the spoken word

Front 24

Types of Nonverbal Communication

Back 24

1. Physical Appearance and First Impressions
2. Proxemics - the study of the use of personal space

Front 25

Edward T. Hall 4 Zones of Personal Space

Back 25

a. Public: 12' and beyond
b. Social/ Professional: 4' -12'
c. Personal 18" - 4'
d. Intimate 0" - 18"

Front 26

Haptics

Back 26

the study of touch

Front 27

Paralanguage

Back 27

voice intonation, pitch (highness/ lowness), rate (speed), volume

Front 28

Nonfluencies

Back 28

frequent use of distracters and interrupters that slip out when you speak (umm, you know, like)

Front 29

Oculesics

Back 29

the study of eye contact

Front 30

Intensifying Facial Expressions

Back 30

helps you exaggerate a feeling

Front 31

Deintensifying Facial Expressions

Back 31

helps you underplay a feeling

Front 32

Neutralizing Facial Expressions

Back 32

helps you to hide feelings

Front 33

Masking Facial Expressions

Back 33

helps to replace or substitute the expression of one emotion for the emotion you're really feeling

Front 34

Gestures

Back 34

large or small movements of the hands and arms that communicate within a society or culture

Front 35

Affect Displays

Back 35

nonverbal movement of the face, the hands, and the body that communicate emotional meaning

Front 36

Kinesics

Back 36

the study of body movement and position

Front 37

Proximal Neutralization

Back 37

sit next to your worst enemy to neutralize him

Front 38

Chronemics

Back 38

the study of how we use time

Front 39

Functions of Nonverbal Communication

Back 39

1. To Repeat
2. To Replace
3. To Compliment
4. To Contradict
5. To regulate interactions

Front 40

Emblem

Back 40

a nonverbal cue that has meaning for a certain cultural group and substitutes for a word and translates almost directly into a word phase

Front 41

Illustrator

Back 41

complements and accnts the verbal message

Front 42

Contradict

Back 42

sends a mixed message

Front 43

Regulator

Back 43

helps regulate and coordinate communication interactions among people

Front 44

Challenges to Nonverbal Communications

Back 44

1. Quantity- huge number increase potential of miscommunication
2. Constancy - we are always communicating
3. Awareness
4. Individual Differences
5. Gender Differences
6. Cultural Differences

Front 45

Overcoming Challenges to Competence

Back 45

1. Be mindful of nonverbal messages
2. Respect Differences
3. Integrate verbal and nonverbal communication

Front 46

Communication Power Nonverbally

Back 46

1. Walk confidently not too quickly. Hurried people appear powerless.
2. Stand close to your listeners - creates greater immediacy and is more persuasive
3. Dress conservatively. Conservative clothing is associated with power and status.
4. Select chairs you can get into and out of easily.

Front 47

Nonverbal and Verbal Meaning Percentage

Back 47

65% of a message's meaning comes from nonverbal behavior
35% of a message's meaning comes from verbal content

Front 48

Good Delivery

Back 48

1. Volume - loud! Loud = confident
2. Inflection - vary your voice
3. Gestures - relaxed, natural, appropriate gestures
4. Eye Contact - allows to connect
5. Stance - audience invasion
6. Dress - wear what is comfortable, a little nicer
7. Silences & Pauses - emphasize a point
8. Filler Words - Avoid
9. Make each word count

Front 49

Communication Accommodation Theory

Back 49

that you adjust/ accommodate to the speaking style of you listeners in order to gain benefits (believability, likability...)

Front 50

Good Non Verbal Signals

Back 50

1. General appearance - posture and clothes
2. Facial expression (happy, interested, confident)
3. Eye contact (look at everyone for 2-3 seconds before you begin talking)
4. Movement (intentional is good)

Front 51

Do Not's of Delivery

Back 51

- Don't apologize for illness/ lack or preparation
- Don't begin saying "OK I'm ready" or "Hi"
- Don't begin "Um"
- Don't end by saying "That's it. The End"
- Don't ask how much time is left or acknowledge the timer in any way
- Don't intentionally insult your audience
- Don't keep touching your hair
- Don't swing your arms and clap them!
- Don't cross your legs

Front 52

Volume

Back 52

loudness or softness of the speaker's voice

Front 53

Pitch

Back 53

the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

Front 54

Inflections

Back 54

changes in pitch or tone of the speaker's voice

Front 55

Monotone

Back 55

a constant pitch or tone of voice

Front 56

Rate

Back 56

the speed of the speaker's voice

Front 57

Pauses

Back 57

a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

Front 58

Vocal Variety

Back 58

changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume

Front 59

Pronunciation

Back 59

the accepted standard of sounds and rhythm for words in a given language

Front 60

Articulation

Back 60

the physical production of particular speech sounds

Front 61

Dialect

Back 61

a regional variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

Front 62

Perception

Back 62

involves noticing, organizing and interpreting data about people, events and situations

Front 63

Perception involves Noticing:

Back 63

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
a. We form certain expectation of people or events
b. We communicate those expectations of people or events
c. People tend to respond to these cues by adjusting their behavior to match the expectations
d. The Outcome is that the original expectation becomes true

Front 64

Perception Involves Organizing:

Back 64

Stereotypes - link our perceptions of people, events, activities, and situations to predictions and anticipations
Allness - the tendency to conclude that what is believed to be true of one part is true for the whole

Front 65

Individual differences that combine to influence our perception and our responses:

Back 65

1. Physical characteristics
2. Psychological state
3. Cultural background
4. Gender
5. Media

Front 66

Hearing

Back 66

automatic process that involves the physiological reception of sounds

Front 67

Listening

Back 67

a five step process of receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating and responding to verbal and/or nonverbal messages

Front 68

Communication Activities of Americans

Back 68

53% Listening
17% Reading
16& Speaking
14% Writing

Front 69

Appreciative Listening

Back 69

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment

Front 70

Empathic Listening

Back 70

Listening to provide emotional support for the speaker

Front 71

Comprehensive Listening

Back 71

listening to understand message

Front 72

Critical Listening

Back 72

Listening (w/o biases) to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting/ rejecting it

Front 73

Challenges to Listening:
Physical Barriers

Back 73

a. Interferences from the physical environment
b. Distracting characteristics of the speaker or the lstener

Front 74

Challenges to Listening:
Psychological Barriers

Back 74

c. Mental and emotional distractions
d. Speaking rate is 125 words/ minute, but we can understand up to 300 wpm
e. Message overload - trying to listen to too many messages at the same time

Front 75

Challenges to Listening:
Interaction Barriers

Back 75

f. Verbal battles - little or no listening occurs b/c listener is planning counterattack
g. Inflammatory language - trigger words are phrases that cause emotional reactions

Front 76

Challenges to Listening:
Cultural Differences

Back 76

!

Front 77

How to Become a more Competent Listener

Back 77

1. Remember the main points of the message
2. Provide appropriate verbal and nonverbal feedback
3. Ask questions to clarify
4. Paraphrase the message to achieve full comprehension and clarity
5. Resist distractions
6. Suspend judgment
7. Don't be diverted by a speaker's appearance or delivery
8. Make listening a priority

Front 78

Denotative meaning

Back 78

dictionary definition

Front 79

Connotative meaning

Back 79

what the word suggests or implies

Front 80

Principles of Language

Back 80

1. Language influences our perception of reality
2. Language is shaped by culture
3. Language reflects what is important
4. Language is symbolic

Front 81

Symbol

Back 81

a sign or word used to define a person, idea, or object

Front 82

Meanings of Messages:

Back 82

1. Meanings are in people
2. Meanings depend on context

Front 83

Deficit Language

Back 83

focuses attention on people's deficiencies and problems

Front 84

Language:

Back 84

1. Use accurate language
2. Use clear language
3. Use correct pronunciation
4. Use concrete words rather than abstract
5. use concise language - clutter is using many more words than necessary to express an idea
6. Use vivid language
7. Use appropriate language

Front 85

Concrete words

Back 85

words that refer to tangible objects

Front 86

Abstract words

Back 86

words that refer to ideas or concepts

Front 87

Imagery

Back 87

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas

Front 88

Simile

Back 88

an explicit comparison between things using like or as

Front 89

Metaphor

Back 89

an implicit comparison between things, not using like or as

Front 90

Using language appropriately:

Back 90

1. To the occasion
2. To the audience
3. To the topic
4. To the speaker

Front 91

Parallelism

Back 91

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

Front 92

Anaphora

Back 92

figure of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause or phrase is/are repeated at the beginning of successive sentences, clauses or phrases

Front 93

Antitheisis

Back 93

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in a parallel structure

Front 94

Hypophora

Back 94

a figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker, raising and responding to one's own question(s)

Front 95

Avoid Language:

Back 95

1. filler words
2. too many intensifiers
3. tag questions
4. self-critical statements
5. slang and vulagrity

Front 96

Use Nonsexist Language:

Back 96

1. Avoid generic use of "he"
2. Avoid the use of "man" when referring to men and women
3. Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender
4. Avoid unnecessary or patronizing gender labels

Front 97

Sexist Language

Back 97

language that promotes the stereotyping of people on the basis of gender

Front 98

Nonsexist Language

Back 98

language that does not stereotype people on the basis of gender

Front 99

Politically Correct Language (PC)

Back 99

refers to words and phrases that attempt to remove or compensate for any traces of sexism, racism, ageism, or any potentially derogatory meanings that might offend a group of people

Front 100

Transcoding

Back 100

the act of appropriating a disparaging term like the N-word and turning it into a term of endearment

Front 101

Ethnocentrism

Back 101

the belief that one's group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

Front 102

Ethics

Back 102

Focuses on the degrees of rightness and wrongness in human behavior

Front 103

Guidelines for Ethical Speaking

Back 103

1. Make sure your goals are ethically sound
2. Be fully prepared for each speech
3. Be honest in what you say
. Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language

Front 104

Guidelines for Ethical Listening

Back 104

1. Be courteous
2. Avoid prejudging the speaker
3. Provide honest and appropriate feedback
4. Reasoned skepticism - learn to judge material for worth & significance

Front 105

Deontology

Back 105

(moral absolutism) there is a single, ultimate answer or solution to the question posed

Front 106

Utilitarianism

Back 106

the belief that one should do what produces the greatest overall good consequences for the most people, not just for onesef

Front 107

Moral Relativism

Back 107

there is no one way that is right or wrong for everyone

Front 108

Ethical Egoism

Back 108

to determine right or wrong action one should only look at how the consequences will affect him and act in the way which contributes most to his self-interest

Front 109

Plagiarism

Back 109

presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own

Front 110

Global Plagiarism

Back 110

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

Front 111

Patchwork Plagiarism

Back 111

stealing ideas or language from 2 or 3 sources and passing them off as one's own

Front 112

Incremental Plagiarism

Back 112

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that re borrowed from others

Front 113

Paraphrase

Back 113

to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

Front 114

To be a competent public speaker:

Back 114

1. Motivation
2. Knowledge
3. Skills

Front 115

Impromptu Delivery

Back 115

a speech delivered w/ little or no prep

Front 116

Extemporaneous Delivery

Back 116

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes and delivered in a conversational manner

Front 117

Manuscript Delivery

Back 117

a speech that is written out word for word and simply read to the audience

Front 118

Memorized Delivery

Back 118

a speech that is fully written out and memorized ahead of time, then spoken word for word

Front 119

Audience Analysis

Back 119

the process a speaker uses to ascertain relevant facts and information about the listeners and the speaking situation that will shape how the speech is prepared and delivered

Front 120

Personal Characteristics of Audience Analysis

Back 120

a. Age
b. Household type
c. Education
d. Occupation
e. Income level

Front 121

Psychological Characteristics of Audience Analysis

Back 121

a. attitudes, beliefs and values

Front 122

Cultural Characteristics of Audience Analysis

Back 122

a. Groups that listeners are born in or grow up in (gender, race, ethnicity, ...)
b. Groups that listeners choose to belong to (clubs, political parties...)

Front 123

Analyze the Situation:

Back 123

1. Time - length of speech
2. Place - the environment and physical surroundings

Front 124

Questions to ask in Public Speaking:

Back 124

1. How many people are expected to attend?
2. How can I gain and hold their attention?
3. How should I organize my presentation?
4. Will there be a question and answer period?
5. Will audience members interrupt with questions?
6. How long should my talk last?
7. If I start late, am I still expected to end at a certain time?
8. What does this audience already know about this topic?
9. Will I be able to use visual aids?
10. How will the audience be dressed?
11. What is the stage format?
12. Will I have a microphone? Cordless? Handheld?
13. If I drive, where will I park?
14. Will somebody meet me?
15. Who will introduce me? Does this person need info from me?

Front 125

Get information About the Audience By:

Back 125

1. Interviewing
2. Questionnaires
3. Talking to someone who has already talked w/ the audience members

Front 126

Selecting the speech topic:

Back 126

1. Is this the best subject?
2. Do I know a lot about the subject or can I find more information on it?
3. Am I interested in the subject?
4. Is this subject suitable for my audience?
5. Can the subject or an aspect of the subject be discussed adequately in the time available?

Front 127

Choose Speech Topics:

Back 127

1. You know a lot about
2. You want to know more about

Front 128

To pick a Speech Topic, You Can:

Back 128

1. Brainstorm
2. Reference Search
3. Internet Search
4. Talk to family or friends

Front 129

Thesis Statement

Back 129

a one-sentence that sums up major ideas of a speech

Front 130

Presentation Outline

Back 130

a brief outline of key words or phrases used to jog a speaker's memory during the speech

Front 131

Delivery Cues

Back 131

directions on a speaker's index cards to help a speaker remember how he or she wants to deliver key parts of the speech

Front 132

Get attention by Using:

Back 132

1. Anecdote
2. Startling statement
3. Quotation
4. Question
5. Humor
6. Action

Front 133

Persuasive Speech

Back 133

speech designed to change or reinforce the audience's beliefs or actions

Front 134

Target Audience

Back 134

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Front 135

Speech to Reinforce

Back 135

intended to influence listeners by strengthening their convictions and taking advantage of their tendency to seek out and attend messages w/ which they already agree

Front 136

Speech to Change

Back 136

is intended to convince the audience to change what they like or dislike, what they hold to be true, or what they consider important or unimportant

Front 137

Speech to Move to Action

Back 137

intended to influence listeners either to engage in a new and desirable behavior or to discontinue an undiserable behavior

Front 138

Questions of fact

Back 138

a question about the worth and morality of an idea or action

Front 139

Questions of Value

Back 139

a question about worth and morality of an idea or action

Front 140

Questions of Policy

Back 140

question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

Front 141

Logos

Back 141

the name used by Aristotle for logical appeals (based on knowledge and reasoning)

Front 142

Fallacies

Back 142

Errors in reasoning

Front 143

Red Herring Fallacy

Back 143

Fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention form the subject

Front 144

Ad Hominem Fallacy

Back 144

Fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing w/ the real issue in dispute

Front 145

Either-Or Fallacy

Back 145

Fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Front 146

Bandwagon Fallacy

Back 146

Fallacy that assumes something is popular, it is therefore good, correct or diserable

Front 147

Slippery Slope Fallacy

Back 147

Fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Front 148

Hasty Generalization Fallacy

Back 148

Fallacy that draws a conclusion about a population based on a sample size that is not large enough to be considered representative

Front 149

Post Hoc, ergo propter hoc (Doubtful Cause) Fallacy

Back 149

Fallacy that concludes one event causes another simply because the proposed effect.

Front 150

Appeal to Tradition

Back 150

Fallacy that assumes that something is better or correct simply because it is older, traditional, or always has been done

Front 151

Pathos

Back 151

the name used by Aristotle for emotional appeal

Front 152

Generating Emotional Appeals:

Back 152

1, Use emotional language
2. Develop vivid examples
3. Speak with sincerity and conviction

Front 153

Fear Appeal

Back 153

based on changing a listener's attitudes or behaviors through the use of anxiety-arousing message; moderate fear appeals work best

Front 154

Ethos

Back 154

Aristotle used for credibility

Front 155

Competence

Back 155

how an audience regardes a speaker's intelligence, expertise and knowledge of the subject

Front 156

Character

Back 156

how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience

Front 157

Initial Credibility

Back 157

Credibility of the speaker before they start

Front 158

Derived Credibility

Back 158

Credibility of the speaker produced by everything they say and do during the speech

Front 159

Terminal Credibility

Back 159

Credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech

Front 160

Enhancing your Credibility:

Back 160

1. Expertise
2. Trustworthiness
3. charisma