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26 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
3 categories of Fo and intensity
Levels of Habitual Use (what is the performance of the vocal folds under routine use?)

Levels of Maximum Performance (What is the performance under mechanical stress?)

Degree Regularity (Assessment of regularity.. answers the question - how stable?)
What is the mean speaking Fo and the mean speaking Fo range?
Average Fo we speak and the range which we typically speak (highly influenced by linguistic factors like speech content)
Define...
Perturbation
Jitter
Shimmer
P = Variability or irregularity in the system
J = Shorter term Fo (frequency)
S = Short term variability in the AMPLITUDE of the waveform
Voice Range Profile
Balance of the vocal folds tension and lung pressure contribute to Fo and intensity

Upper contour represents MAX intensity
Lower contour represents MIN intensity
Difference b/w the VRP elicited from men and women?
Men have a higher intensity
Women have a higher frequency
Physiological factors contributing to the general shape of the VRP?
The wider the area (higher upper and lower the lower) more flexible the voice, in both that the dynamic (intensity) and pitch ranges are large. At lowest frequency, difficult to achieve increased intensity b/c the vocal folds cover must be lax
How is the mean airflow measured?
Volume of air that passes a given point in mL per second
Pneumotachograph - mask to collect airflow, an airflow transducer
How can lung pressure be measured by intraoral pressure?
VF are open so air can flow through the glottis, no air is allowed to flow out of the nose, the lips are sealed and the pressure everywhere in the Vocal tract is equal
/p/ repetitions
Define..
Vocal Efficiency
Glottal Efficiency
VE = have to select the input energy and the output energy to be compared. Not just about getting the most output for the least input DEFINE = Ratio of radiated acoustic power to the aerodynamic power. Aerodynamic power equals mean lung pressure times mean glottal flow
GE = Ratio of the aerodynamic power to accoustic power at the level of the glottis
What factors influence Vocal Efficiency?
Voice disorders (higher airflow rates from incomplete glottal closure)
Tissue damage from too much VE
Aging
Explain the s/z ratio. What are some threats to the validity of this measure?
Used to assess the integrity of phonatory glottal closure

Threats to validity = Inconsistent elicitation procedures and wide variability of results, weakening its use as a screening measure for voice problems
Define Maximum Phonation Time and provide average values for children, men and women
Measures the duration of a maximally sustained vowel and is sensitive to impaired phonatory glottal closure. Take a deep breath and sustain a vowel at comfortable pitch and loudness for as long as possible.

Men - 24.9
Women - 17.9
Children (B) - at 10 is 22.2 (G) - at 10 is 15.9
How do practice effects and elicitation methods influence values of maximum phonation time?
2nd and 3rd trials produce improvement, limiting the utility of maximum phonation time as a measure of effectiveness
Phonation Quotient
Vital capacity divided by the maximum phonation time and is measured in ml per second. Good measure of the volume of air used as a function of sustained phonation when aerodynamic measures such as mean flow are unavailable.
Explain Stroboscopy, instruments used, how it works and what type of image provided
Pulsing light (endoscope) to stimulate movement at a rate slower than the actual rate of movement of the object being imaged. The viewer is able to visualize the mucosal wave vibration (visual estimate)

Works because the image must be illuminated uniformly without the perception of variation (flicker) Second, motion is perceived from sampling images at specific points of time.

Slow motion video of the vibration of the vocal folds
What is a weakness of stroboscopy with respect to aperiodic vibration?
The more irregular the actual vibration of the vocal folds the less accurate the representation of the true vibration.

With many voice disorders, the stroboscopic images to be somewhat blurry or jittery because of the irregularity vibration and difficulty synchronizing the rate of strobe light pulses
How is high speed laryngeal imaging different from stroboscopy?
Highly irregular vibration of the VF is captured, Strobo, combines selected images from different sequential cycles, high-speed technology images vibration at 20 to 30 times the fundamental frequency
Define videokymography
Aquistion of images at a very high rate. Does not image the whole vocal folds area (high speed does) typically the middles of the the vocal folds where vibration amplitude is widest. True cycle-cycle imaging of vocal fold vibration and irregularities can be seen
Define photoglottography and explain the limits
Provides info about the relative size of the glottal opening. Measures the amount of light passing through the vocal folds during each vibratory cycle. The wave received corresponds to the opening, closing and closed phases of vibration.

Limits = It is invasive, lack of an absolute reference confounds the interpretation of the waveform. Only provides info about th relative, not the actual, amount of light passing through the vocal folds. The light sensor may not accurately register the light transmitted through the glottis due to the vocal tract movement.
Explain the instrumentation of electroglottography and the concept of how it works
Provides a waveform that has been shown to correspond to the relative contact of the vocal folds during vibration. Surface electrodes that are placed on the neck over the left and right side of the thyroid cartilages. VF are open? then there is more electrical resistance to the flow of electricity. VF contact? resistance is low.
What are the advantages and weaknesses of using electroglottography?
Advantages
Ease of the use, inexpensive, and readily available, noninvasive.
Calculating Fo is easy compared to its calculation from the acoustic waveform.

Disadvantages
Poor signal quality in smaller larynges, thick necks = difficulty with an adequate signal strength
interpretation of the waveform, esp. people with voice disorders. Strands of mucous can change the nature of the resistance to the electrical current. Muscular hyperfunctions can change factors of resistance. Might obtain normal looking waveforms from someone with disordered voice.
Define open, speed and contact quotients
Open - ratio of the open phase of vocal fold vibration to the entire duration of the glottal cycle

Speed - Ratio of the duration of the opening phase of the vocal folds to the duration of the closing phase

Contact - ratio of the period during which the vocal folds are in contact the entire glottal cycle.
What is register? Why is it conceptually controversial?
Register - series of consecutively Fo values of approximately equivalent vocal quality. Refers to particular modes of vibration of the vocal folds.
Pulse (glottal fry), Modal (chest), Falsetto (loft)

How to define and distinguish among the different registers and what to call them, the physiology and acoustics underlying different registers is incompletely understood. Register sometimes used to be referred to voice quality change due to Fo change alone, registers of singing are different than for speaking, distinction between normal and abnormal modes of vocal fold vibration
What is the relevance of the term "quantal change" to register?
Abrupt transition from one state to another due to a continuously changing variable. Register transitions are quantal changes
Explain modal register, glottal fry, and falsetto, and provide a synonym for each. Include average Fo values for each register.
Modal Register (chest voice) - Most speech, 90 to 450 Hz (men) and 150 to 520 Hz (woman)
Glottal Fry (palse phonation) - Cricothryoid muslce is relaxed so there is minimum tension on the vocal folds. Shortened and thick, low Fo = 35 to 50 Hz
Falsetto - Frequencies above the modal register. Very high pitch,
In addition to rate, how does the vocal fold vibration differ in glottal fry and falsetto as compared to modal register?
j