Speech And Language Chapter 2

Front 1

Language develops as an interaction between what two things?

Back 1

A child's cognitive structures and the environment

Front 2

Certain syllables that give more emphasis are called _____?

Back 2

Rhythm

Front 3

This person believed emphasis should be on children solving problems on their own. Who is it?

Back 3

Piaget

Front 4

The length of the syllables is called the _____?

Back 4

Duration

Front 5

The ability to understand someone else's mind in terms of mental states is called _____?

Back 5

Theory of Mind

Front 6

Chomsky was a firm believer in the _____ theory

Back 6

Innateness

Front 7

This person believed language developed as a result of the social interaction between the environment and the child. He was focused on pragmatic interaction. Who was it?

Back 7

Bates

Front 8

Adding details to a child's output is called what?

Ex:
Child: He's walking
Mom: He's walking because the bus broke

Back 8

Expansion

Front 9

The child's surroundings which provide information that supports the child's language growth is an example of the _____ theory.

Back 9

Environmental theory

Front 10

What is emergentism?

Back 10

Combination of environmental (nurture) and innateness (nature).

Front 11

Information associated with receptive & expressive language is which of Bate's contexts?

Back 11

Linguistic

Front 12

Who are the three environmental theorists?

Back 12

Vygotsky, Piaget, Bates

Front 13

Skills developed before a child is verbal, is what influences language development. What is this called?

Back 13

Continuity

Front 14

Environmental (nurture) is when _____?

Back 14

Environment helps learning

Front 15

Repeating a child's output & correcting the errors is called _____?

Back 15

Recast

Front 16

Gestures and facial expressions are part of which of Bate's contexts?

Back 16

Non-linguistic

Front 17

This person believed the environment provided children with information that supports language development. He was very environmentally focused. Who was it?

Back 17

Vygotsky

Front 18

Adding to one's own schema is called _____?

Back 18

Assimilation

Front 19

The vehicle for sound interaction is _____, according to Bates.

Back 19

Communication

Front 20

_____ is the distance between what a child can do independently and what a child can do with support from an adult.

Back 20

ZPD

Front 21

What are the 3 theories of language acquisition?

Back 21

Environmental (Nurture)

Innateness (Nature)

Emergentism

Front 22

Bates had 5 contexts, what were they?

Back 22

Cognitive
Social
Physical
Linguistic
Non-linguistic

Front 23

Innateness (Nature) is where _____?

Back 23

You need little support from the environment. You need exposure

Front 24

The ability to adapt to the environment, generalize experiences, think about objects & events, learn language, and store information for later retrieval are all parts of _____?

Back 24

Cognition- its the mental ability to do all of these things

Front 25

_____ is a sentence starter

Back 25

Cloze procedure

Front 26

_____ is providing examples

Back 26

Models

Front 27

Knowledge of a physical setting, having a communication partner, maintaining eye contact and turn taking are all parts of which two of Bates' contexts?

Back 27

Cognitive and Social

Front 28

Psychological constructs which represent verbal and nonverbal events are are called _____?

Ex: Knows dog, but calls a cow a dog because they look alike.

Back 28

Schema

Front 29

What are 2 types of adaptation?

Back 29

Assimilation and Accomodation

Front 30

Perceptual properties of people, places, and things are part of which of Bates' contexts?

Back 30

Physical

Front 31

Who believed in the pragmatic theory?

Back 31

Bates

Front 32

The ability to store information while working on another problem is called _____?

Back 32

Working memory. Also called short term memory

Front 33

Supports for learning language are called _____?

Back 33

Scaffolds

Front 34

A child's actual development at the current time is called _____?

Back 34

Retrospective mental development

Front 35

The goal of assimilation & accommodation is ____

Back 35

Equilibrium

Front 36

Just know: Vygotsky

-Said adults help children "bridge the distance"
-Tasks that demand reflection and problem solving lead to progress
-Social interaction is the primary factor in language development
-Language begins with communication between children and individuals in their environment
-Verbal language is built on communication

Back 36

Just know

Front 37

Attention, working memory, and equilibrium are all terms to who's theory?

Back 37

Piaget

Front 38

What is prospective mental development?

Back 38

ZPD- what they can do with support

Front 39

Piaget believed in what?

Back 39

Cognitive development

Front 40

Know:

Because they are actively involved, children grow as a result of problem solving

Back 40

Know

Front 41

Summary of Chapter 2:
-Theories of language development explain how children acquire knowledge. These help us determine typical and atypical development
-Both innate and environmental factors play a role in language development. (nature vs nurture)
-It is important for children to understand another person's meanings & feelings.
-Theory of mind is the ability to understand another person's mind.
-Theory of mind is essential to understand the motivations of others.

Back 41

Know

Front 42

Know:
-The Theory of Mind is knowing someone's desires, beliefs, and knowledge.
-Theory of mind is predicting how someone will act, or why they act a certain way.
-You can describe their actions in psychological terms by using mental state verbs like think, know, &believe

Back 42

Know

Front 43

Know: Innateness theory: Strategies for language development

-Encourage over learning through repetition.
-Always consider children's level of comprehension
-Introduce key words associated with topics being discussed
-Associate new words with concrete experiences to deepen comprehension

Back 43

Know

Front 44

Know: Innateness theory: strategies for language development

-Focus on children's ability to focus on and comprehend oral language

-Focus on the processing of language- making meaning
-Highlight important information

Back 44

Know

Front 45

Know: Innateness theory: strategies for language development

-Children require abundant language input in order to form hypothesis or ideas about the structure of language

-Teachers & parents should use a variety of sentence types

Ex: past tense/future tense
plural/ singular

Back 45

Know

Front 46

The environment theories: strategies for language development

-Scaffolding is the best form of guidance to preserve a child's self confidence.
-Modeling and imitating are appropriate scaffolds for beginners

Back 46

Know

Front 47

Know: The environmental theories: strategies for language development

-Once a child masters a skill or language ability, have the child teach another child

-Use play, narratives & encourage a variety of ways of talking to promote language

Back 47

Know

Front 48

Know: Chomsky: Language acquisition device

-The LAD allowed children to form hypothesis regarding language structures
- The LAD allowed children to analyze sentences they heard and use the analysis to produce grammatical sentences

Back 48

Know

Front 49

Know: Chomsky: The Language acquisition device (LAD)
-An inborn mechanism which allows children to process & produce language
-Chomsky proposed this LAD contained universal information regarding language structures

Ex: S->NP+VP

Back 49

Know

Front 50

Know:

-Emergentism suggests the mind functions in a similar manner to neural networks in the brain
-Language develops through associations among nodes
-A node represents input. Each node has a link to output
-Strategies connected to environmental & nativist theory are also appropriate

Back 50

Know

Front 51

Know:

-Children need frequent experiences & a variety of opportunities to stimulate language development
-More occurrence of spoken language= greater node strength
-Topics of interest for the children will be most effective.

Back 51

Know

Front 52

Know:

-The importance of the environment is that it provides children with a variety of events and experiences that challenge their problem solving skills along with providing labels or names for these events and experiences

Back 52

Know

Front 53

Know: The ability to read nonverbal acts coupled with interpreting verbal information builds comprehension
-A child associates language & events- connecting these two helps a child understand relationships & how language works in a context
-Watching the speakers eyes helps a child focus
-The speakers eyes provide nonverbal social information
-Infants are sensitive to the prosidy (music) of language

Back 53

Know

Front 54

_____+_____+_____ = Language development

Back 54

Innate learning skills, Social pragmatics, and attention to environment

Front 55

_____, _____, and _____ are all important factors for emergentism

Back 55

Rhythm, stress, and intonation patterns

Front 56

Environmental experiences include interactions with _____, _____, and _____.

Back 56

Individuals, objects, and events

Front 57

This theory is the connection between language development & the environment or context. What theory is it?

Back 57

Pragmatic Theory

Front 58

Changing one's schema is called ______?

Back 58

Accommodation

Front 59

Pitch changes in the speakers voice is called _____?

Back 59

Intonation

Front 60

The focus on essential factors is called _____?

Back 60

Attention