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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
inductive reasoning
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finding truth through making observations (e.g., statistical polling, controlled experiments, relevant examples or analogies). Good inductive reasoning tells us what will probably occur in a given situation based on what observation tells us usually occurs.
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deductive reasoning:
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structured in such a way so as to give us certainty about what is true in a given situation. The conclusion's certainty is established when deductive arguments contain true premises (reasons).
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statistical generalizations
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conclusions about what can be generally expected.
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necessary condition
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a condition (state of affairs, thing, process, etc.) that must be present if the effect is present. Equivalently, if the necessary condition is absent, then the effect cannot occur.
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sufficient condition
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a condition (state of affairs, thing, process, etc.) that automatically leads to the production of another event. If the condition is present, then the effect will definitely occur. The sufficient condition creates the effect.
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immediate cause
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preceded by other factors that lead up to the effect
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remote cause
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less immediate causal factors.
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protocol
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in medical research, the design of a study
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subjects
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people or animals who are alike in all significant (relevant) aspects need to be studied in order for the research to have the element of control.
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Control
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Weeding out of extenieous factors that could affect the outcome of the study
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What are humes justification of cause and effect?
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we are justified in saying one thing is the cause (x) and the effect (y) if the three conditions are met
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What are the conditions?
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1.x, preceded the cause, y in time
2. x and y are in contact with one another in time and place 3. There is a history of 1 and 2, that is , there is a history of x preceding y and of x and y being related somewhere in time and place |
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What are mills analysis of cause and effect
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agreement and difference
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What is the method of agreement?
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a cause is found by noting X is the only factor always present when Y(problem or good effect) occurs
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What is the therefore in Mills method of agreement
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therefore X cause Y
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What is Mill Method of Difference>
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The cause is found be noting that the only difference between the event of effect (called y) happaning or not happaning is if X was present
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What is the structure of a good research design? #1
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1. ask a question: this is a charatisic of interest concerning a targeted pop.
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What is the structure of a good research design? #2
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2.A Hypothies: this is a speculation of what will be discovered during the study
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What is the structure of a good research design? #3
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A Sample of Indiviuals to Study: The samply should be picked at random and be rep. of a target pop.
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How many groups are the sample's divided into
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two
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What are the groups?
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1. Contol Group: a group of subject from a sample who will get no treatment of a plaebo.
2. Experimental Group: a group of subject from the sample who are exposed to special treatment call a variable. |
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What is the purpose of an Experimental Group?
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this group will be given the drug that is being tested to asscess it's effects in comprassion with simlair people who are not given the drug.
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Data
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The Observation made by the researcher as he or she completes the study
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Conclusion
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After the study in carried out,the researcher complies the data and makes conclusions. The researcher interprets the meaning and signifgance of the data
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What is the special treatment given to the indiviuals>
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Independent Variable
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what are the critria for evalutating research findings
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1. How large is the Sample?
2. Is the study reiable? 3. Are there any other explanations for the data found 4. Are the result statisically significant 5. Have other researchers been able to duplicate the results 6. has the researcher claim that the study proves more then it was designed to improve? 7. Has the research been done by a respected intstution 8. Are the researcher biased? |
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What is a blind study?
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when the patient doesn't know if they are apart of the experimental group or the control group but the research does.
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What is a double blind Study?
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when both the research and the patient don't know whose in the experimental group or the control group.
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Statisically Significant
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it is probable that the reported effect will occur in similiar circumstances
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How do we remember the critia for evaluationing of reseach
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Quanity
quality altenatives statisically signicant duplication mayo Clinc Biased |
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Believing Audience
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agrees with your position on the issue; don't need to be convinced on the correctness of the action you propose
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neutral audeice
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either does not know enought or does not care enough about your topic
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Hosile audence
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is opposed to your ideas and policies
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Both sides pursaudison
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the speacker with acknowlegde the good points to cause the audience to believe as it does but then will demostrate how these good points can overshadowed by the strenghs of the speaker side of the issue
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ethos
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personal appeal
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pathos
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emotional appeal
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logal
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logical and reasoning
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What is the statement of reasons pattern?
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Intro : statement of reason format
Body Conclusion |
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what is the problem solution structure?
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Intro:
Harms: Inherecy: Signifigance: Solvency: Conclusion |
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In the problem solution structure what is the purpose of harms?
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How are we hurt by this problem
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In the problem solution structure what is the the purpose of inherency?
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why does the problem exist?
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In the problem solution structure what is the the purpose of signifgance?
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what is the sceope of the problem
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In the problem solution structure what is the the purpose of solvency?
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what can be done about the problem
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What must you have in order to problem solve
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optimism
respect good will |
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what is the problem solving method?
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1. Distingush needs from solutions
2. describes the need of everyone involved 3. brain storm solutions 4. evaluation the proposed solutions 5. choose the best solution 6. RTF |
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Suggestion
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Presenting ideas or imagaes in such a way as to reveal certain aspects or qualites and to conceal others
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What to be aware of in the media?
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1. selection of issues
2. Time in use 3. geust and panel members 4. what is included and exclued on the set 5. the non verbal element of clothing 6. the use of languag 7. the use of camera angles and cuts 8. camera distance and framing |