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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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common specimens
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BLOOD:
Glucose Cultures URINE: Routine Mid-stream or “clean catch” Sterile STOOL NOSE/THROAT SPUTUM WOUND |
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Nursing responsibilities: specimen collection
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Provide patient comfort, privacy and safety
Provide education Purpose of specimen collection Patient preparation Use correct procedure to collect specimens OSHA standards Hospital Guidelines Correct labeling, storage and transportation Reporting results to primary care provider 2013 National Patient Safety Goal |
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Type I Diabetes
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Beta cells of pancreas don’t produce insulin
10% of diabetes diagnoses Was called “IDDM” or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ALWAYS requires insulin Treatment: includes taking insulin and possibly another diabetic medicine, making wise food choices, and being physically active. |
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Type II Diabetes
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Beta cells make insulin but body cells are resistant to the insulin produced
90% of diabetes diagnoses Was called “NIDDM” or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Treated with oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin or a combination of both Treatment: includes using diabetes medicines, making wise food choices, being physically active and losing weight. |
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Gestational diabetes
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diabetes developed during the late stages of pregnancy. Although this form of diabetes usually goes away after the baby is born, a woman who has had it is more likely to develop type 2 diabetes later in life. Gestational diabetes is caused by the hormones of pregnancy or a shortage of insulin.
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normal fasting blood sugar
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normal fasting blood sugar is generally between 70 and 100. A level over 126 often means diabetes and requires further testing such as a glucose tolerance test.
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capillary blood glucose
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Calibrate machine.
Determine if fasting, before meals, or after meals Is insulin scheduled, prn, or per carbohydrates ingested? Is patient on medications that may prolong bleeding Assess for signs/symptoms of hypo- or hyperglycemia Know agency/facility protocol to follow for hypoglycemia Understand various types of insulin, onset, peak and duration Know normal glucose values (may be agency specific) Slightly higher 1-3 hrs after ingesting meal Hgb A1c should be between 4%-5.6% in non-diabetics |
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Hgb A1c test for diabetics
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6.5% or higher indicate diabetes. Because studies have repeatedly shown that out-of-control diabetes results in complications from the disease, the goal for people with diabetes is a hemoglobin A1c less than 7%. The higher the hemoglobin A1c, the higher the risks of developing complications related to diabetes. This test looks at glucose control over a longer period of time for the patient.
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hypoglycemic symptoms
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Shaky
tachycardia sweating dizziness Anxiousness hunger blurred vision weakness fatigue Head Ache irritablility |
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hyperglycemic symptoms
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Extreme thirst
urinating often dry skin hunger blurred vision drowsiness slow healing of wounds |
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life span considerations for glucose test
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Sites:
Heel - Neonate and infants to age 2 Side of fingertip - Over age 2 through adult. Earlobe – hypovolemic or edematous patients. Infants: Warm pack heel before heel stick Children: Let child choose which finger to use when possible Reassure child is not a punishment Elderly: Warm hands prior to fingerstick |
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blood tests
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Blood tests
Aid in diagnosis Obtained by: Skin puncture Venipuncture Arterial puncture Blood cultures Detect bacteria in blood Require two specimens from two different sites Obtain before antibiotics are started |
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lab values of urine
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pH
4.6-8.0 Specific gravity 1.010-1.025 Protein negative Glucose negative Ketones negative Blood negative |
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stool collection
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Performed to:
Analyze GI function Steatorrhea (fat) Digestive secretions Infections Bacteria Viruses Presence of ova and parasites Bleeding in the GI tract |
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stool collection
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Wash hands
Apply gloves Have patient void before specimen collection (to prevent contamination) Use 1 or 2 tongue blades to transfer stool to container 1 inch for formed stool 15-30 cc for liquid stool Include visible blood, pus, or mucous Label and transport in biohazard bag May need to be refrigerated |
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sputum collection
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Determine need for PPE
Assist to sitting position for maximum lung expansion Need 1-2 tsp (or 5-10cc) of sputum for analysis Cover specimen container after collection to prevent spread of microorganisms Reassess patient condition after collection Assist to rinse mouth with mouthwash after collection prn Document color, consistency, odor, volume, viscosity and/or presence of blood in specimen |
