Specific Defenses To Microbes

Front 1

REVIEW CARD: these 2 things do phagocytosis______ and ____.

Back 1

Neutrophils and Macrophages

Front 2

REVIEW CARD: Macrophages release _____ that stimulate ____.

Back 2

cytokines, inflammation

Front 3

REVIEW CARD: Inflammation includes ______, _____, ______ and ______.

Back 3

fever swelling redness and pain

Front 4

REVIEW CARD: Complement and the Membrane Atack Complex- forms_______ in the pathogens and _______ surface of pathogens.

Back 4

Pores, opsonize

Front 5

REVIEW CARD: These cells protect against virus infected cell.

Back 5

Natural Killer Cells or NK cells

Front 6

An ________ ______ immunity is specific, descriminates, is slow starting and has immune memory.

Back 6

Acquired/adaptive

Front 7

_________ ________is immunity we make.

Back 7

Natural active

Front 8

_______ ________ is immunity we receive from mother(milk, placenta)

Back 8

Natural passive

Front 9

_______ _______ is immunity we make after being given some.

Back 9

Artificial active

Front 10

_______ _______ is immunity we might not have so someone else gives it

Back 10

Artificial passive

Front 11

Antigens are________ that stimulates an immune response.

Back 11

anything

Front 12

An _________ can be a protein, peptide, or something foreign.

Back 12

Antigen

Front 13

A self antigen causes a______ ____.

Back 13

Autoimmune disorder

Front 14

_________ are "Y" shaped proteins on the surface of B cells that is secreted into the blood or lymph in response to an antigenic stimulus.

Back 14

Antibodies

Front 15

Anitbodies are ______ proteins that bind specifically to antigens.

Back 15

Host

Front 16

Short hand for antibodies is ____.

Back 16

Ab

Front 17

_________ are antibody binding sites.

Back 17

epitopes

Front 18

Each antigen has MANY/FEW epitopes?(ask classmate)

Back 18

Many

Front 19

B cells are generated in _____ ____.

Back 19

bone marrow

Front 20

As a B cell differentiates, gene segments are randomly selected and combined to encode a ___ ___ _______, ensuring different antigen recognition.

Back 20

unique gene region

Front 21

Immature B cells that bind to "self" molecules ___ by ______.

Back 21

die, apoptosis

Front 22

Mature B cells go to the lymph nodes and spleen to await ____ ________ by antigen.

Back 22

Clonal selection

Front 23

Antibody is also used for the B cell _________ receptor.

Back 23

antigen

Front 24

Each B cell has a Uniquely specific receptor Located at the TOP/BOTTOM of the "Y".

Back 24

top

Front 25

B cells with differing receptors are produced randomly in the ____ ______.

Back 25

Bone marrow

Front 26

Gene _____ gives us enough to go after every antigen.

Back 26

Recombination

Front 27

The life cycle of a Lymphocyte has 2 periods; the ______ _____ period and the ____ ____ period.

Back 27

Antigen Independent, Antigen Dependant

Front 28

In the Antigen Independent period, the Lymphocyte stem cell undergoes _______ ____ ____ to form "______".

Back 28

rapid cell division, clones

Front 29

In the Antigen Independent period, the clones undergo ______ _______ (random rearrangement of the genes that code for cell surface protein receptors).

Back 29

cell differentiation

Front 30

Any lymphocyte clones that display "self" are ________.

Back 30

eliminated/ deleted/killed

Front 31

In the Antigen dependant period, the "clone" lymphocytes move to ______ ________.

Back 31

Lymphatic tissue

Front 32

In the Lymphatic tissue, Lymphocytes are exposed to _____.

Back 32

Antigens

Front 33

When an antigen binds to a matching lymphocyte, a ____ _____ is triggered.

Back 33

Immune response.

Front 34

The first step in creating antibodies starts with a Pathogen being ________ by an __________ ______ _____.

Back 34

engulfed, antigen presenting cell

Front 35

What is an APC?

Back 35

Antigen Presenting cell

Front 36

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) are ______ cells, _____ cells and ________.

Back 36

Dendritic cells (starfish), B cells (sea urchin) and Macrophages (BIG GUY that produces chemokines)

Front 37

The dendritic APC processes and degrades the pathogen displaying the Antigens on MHC____ which connects to the CD _____ on the Tcell

Back 37

II, 4

Front 38

What does MHC stand for?

Back 38

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Front 39

___ ____ _____ are receptors on a host cell that present peptides to the outside world.

Back 39

Major Histocampatibility Complex (MHC)

Front 40

MHC I are on ____ ______ cells and present______.

Back 40

all nucleated, self

Front 41

MHC II are on ____ ____ _____ and present _______.

Back 41

Antigen presenting cells, antigen

Front 42

When APC loaded with antigen molecules comes into contact with the ____ ____ cell, The APC and the __ ____ cell form a __ ___ ____.

Back 42

T helper, T helper, bound receptor complex.

Front 43

When the dendritic APC and T hleper bind , the T helper cell becomes_____.

Back 43

activated

Front 44

After the T helper cell is activated by the dendritic cell, the T helper cell ______ and _____.

Back 44

grows and divides

Front 45

After growth and division of the activated T helper cell, the T helper cells in turn activate __ _____ by similar receptor recognition and binding (clonal selection).

Back 45

B cells

Front 46

After the B cells are activated bt the T cells, the B cells ____ and _____.

Back 46

Grow and divide

Front 47

Some of the newly divided B cells become ____ cells and some become _____ cells.

Back 47

memory, plasma

Front 48

Plasma cells generate/secrete _______

Back 48

antibody (2000 /sec)

Front 49

Memory cells bind to the _____ by its foreign antigens at __ __ receptors.

Back 49

Microbe, Ig

Front 50

Memory cells bring the microbe in (endocytosis) and breaks the microbe down into smaller protein bits, displaying the bits on the __ __ .

Back 50

MHC II

Front 51

The memory cell that is displaying antigen has to connect with a __ ____ that has a matching receptor to become activated.

Back 51

T helper

Front 52

When the Memory cell is activated, it metabolyzes to make more _____ cells and ____ cells.

Back 52

Memory, plasma

Front 53

The antibodies(created by the plasma cells) have 4 functions which are: _____,_____,_____ and _____.

Back 53

Agglutination, Neutralization, Opsonizatio , and Atibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Front 54

_________ clumps pathogens and makes them easier to phagocytose.

Back 54

Agglutination

Front 55

_______ block cell binding if pathogens and toxins.

Back 55

Neutralization (can't work)

Front 56

______ coats pathogen for easy Phagocytosis.

Back 56

Opsonization

Front 57

___________ signals killer cells to kill pathogen.

Back 57

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Front 58

Memory aide for Antibody functions

Back 58

"O' ANA!" Ops., Aggl., Neut.,ADCC

Front 59

Step 1 for ADCC attack on a large parasite: __ _____ bind to the large parasite.

Back 59

T cells

Front 60

Step 2 for ADCC atack on a large parasite: _____ and ____ bind to the T Cell.

Back 60

Eosinophil and Macrophage

Front 61

Step 3 for ADCC attack on a large parasite: Macrophage secretes ______ and ____ ____. Eosinophil secretes _____ and ____ _______.

Back 61

cyotkines, lytic enzymens, perforin, lytic enzymes

Front 62

The end result of ADCC is _____ ______ _______.

Back 62

Extra cellular damage.

Front 63

Ig stands for ______.

Back 63

Immunoglobulin

Front 64

Ig is also called an _______.

Back 64

antibody

Front 65

there are 5 classes of Ig; they are ___,___,___,___and ____.

Back 65

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM

Front 66

In ______ ________, every antibody molecule is exactly the same (sigle epitope).

Back 66

Monoclonal antibodies

Front 67

Monoclonal antibodies are made from ________ _____.

Back 67

Immunized mice

Front 68

Monoclonal antibodies are very useful for ______, _____, and ____.

Back 68

diagnosis, therapy, research

Front 69

_________ is the measuring of humoral immunity.

Back 69

serology

Front 70

When someone has antibodies to a pathogen, they are ______.

Back 70

Seropositive

Front 71

The amount of antibodies someone that is seropositive has is their _____.

Back 71

titer

Front 72

Antibodies are detected by their functions: _______, _____, and ______ ______.

Back 72

agglutination, neutralization, and complement lysis

Front 73

What two tests can antibodies be used for quick diagnostics?

Back 73

Rapid strep test and Pregnancy tests

Front 74

In Quick diagnostics,the _____ on the strip will bind if the _____ is present.

Back 74

antigen, antibody

Front 75

_______ antibodies block ____ hemagglutination (by surrounding it ).

Back 75

Neutralizing , virus

Front 76

_____ _______ antibodies bind to toxins to prevent cell damage.

Back 76

toxin-neutralizing

Front 77

Remember Antibodies can be given to people who cannot make their own: Natural-_______ or artificial-_____

Back 77

from mother, from injection

Front 78

Clostridium botuinum causes the disease ________ and manifests as_______ of __________.

Back 78

Botulism, paralysis of muscles

Front 79

Only treatment for exposure to Botulism is an injection of _____ _____ against ________.

Back 79

horse antibody against toxins

Front 80

_____ is caused by Clostridium tetani.

Back 80

Tetnus

Front 81

Clostridium tetani causes ____ ___ and ______.

Back 81

muscle rigidity and spasms

Front 82

One treatment of r exposure to tetnus is injection of ____ ____ _____ _____.

Back 82

Human antibody against toxin