Speciation

Front 1

Divergence of populations into separate species over time

Back 1

Speciation

Front 2

Fossils in deeper strata are ________ differ (less/more) from the modern ones today.

Back 2

older, more

Front 3

In _________ speciation, two populations become reproductively isolated. (no gene flow, populations diverge.)

Back 3

allopatric

Front 4

What are the two main types of reproductive isolation?

Back 4

prezygotic and postzygotic

Front 5

Reproductive isolation that occurs before a zygote can form

Back 5

prezygotic

Front 6

Reproductive isolation that occurs after a zygote can form

Back 6

postzygotic

Front 7

Prezygotic isolation that happens due to organisms living in different habitats (divided by natural barriers like mountains, rivers, canyons, oceans, living on different hosts, etc.)

Back 7

Ecological

Front 8

Prezygotic isolation that happens because the organisms breed at different times (frogs, fish, etc.)

Back 8

Temporal

Front 9

prezygotic isolation that happens when the organisms behave different (different mating rituals)

Back 9

Behavioral

Front 10

Prezygotic isolation that happens when mating doesn't structurally work. "Lock and key" (beetles)

Back 10

Mechanical

Front 11

Type of postzygotic isolation that results in hybrids being aborted, stillborn, or weak

Back 11

Hybrid inviability

Front 12

Postzygotic isolation that results in hybrids that cannot themselves reproduce

Back 12

Hybrid sterility

Front 13

First generation hybrids can survive and reproduce, but the second generation ones die or cannot reproduce.

Back 13

F1 Hybrids are inviable

Front 14

A population forms two different niches within existing habitat (mate by apples vs. mate by hawthorn fruits)

Back 14

Sympatric Speciation

Front 15

Population evolves as it moves in a circle, when they meet up at the end they can no longer reproduce.

Back 15

Ring Species

Front 16

Has more sets of chromosomes than it should have. (normally haploid, become diploid, triploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, or octaploid)

Back 16

Polyploidy

Front 17

What's it called when an organism has a normal amount of chromosomes?

Back 17

Haploid

Front 18

What's it called when an organism has a double set of chromosomes?

Back 18

diploid

Front 19

Polyploidy is usually fatal in _______, but is used all the time in cross-breeding ______.

Back 19

mammals/animals, plants

Front 20

What are the four mechanisms for a change in a population?

Back 20

Genetic Drift, Natural Selection, Reproductive Success, and Cooperation.

Front 21

Random movement of gene frequency, usually eliminates new genes as traits become homozygous ("fixed")

Back 21

Genetic Drift

Front 22

Small founding populations have a different gene frequency / less variation than the source population, difference gives it a head start toward changing.

Back 22

Founder Effect

Front 23

When we choose which organisms to breed depending on the presence or absence of specific traits

Back 23

Artificial Selection

Front 24

Conditions in which organisms survive "chooses" which varieties survive by removing the less likely to survive genes from the gene pool

Back 24

Natural Selection

Front 25

Type of natural selection that eliminates the extremes from the gene pool

Back 25

Stabilizing

Front 26

Type of natural selection that eliminates one extreme from the gene pool

Back 26

Directional

Front 27

Type of Natural Selection that eliminates the medium of a trait; extremes become more common. May end up with two different species.

Back 27

Diversifying/Disruptive

Front 28

Type of selection that acts on an organism's ability to obtain or copulate with a mate (coloration, antlers, other structures, territorial defense, suicidal mating, spermatoplylax...)

Back 28

Sexual Selection

Front 29

Anything that can increase the number of offspring and can increase the number of traits. (mating with more mates, more eggs, more parental care)

Back 29

Reproductive Success

Front 30

Helping your relatives (they have similar genes)

Back 30

Cooperation

Front 31

A change in the DNA, results in new traits.

Back 31

Mutation

Front 32

These can bring in traits from another species

Back 32

Fertile hybrids

Front 33

Bacteria and viruses can swap DNA

Back 33

Vectored DNA

Front 34

Type of mutation in which one base changes to another base

Back 34

Substitution

Front 35

Type of mutation in which one or more bases are added

Back 35

Insertion

Front 36

Type of mutation in which one or more bases are left out

Back 36

Deletion

Front 37

Any mutation that changes how triplets are read (often removes a trait or protein)

Back 37

Frameshift

Front 38

New mutations are often lost to _____ ______

Back 38

Genetic Drift

Front 39

Analagous parts of chromosomes trade places during mitosis or meiosis

Back 39

Crossing Over

Front 40

Mating is ______: you can't control which gametes are involved.

Back 40

Random

Front 41

_________ sort independently during meiosis, which increases a population's variation.

Back 41

Chromosomes

Front 42

Life on Earth has changed, and is still changing.

Back 42

Evolution

Front 43

The key to the past is the present. The environmental processes that happen now are the same as the ones in the past.

Back 43

Uniformitarianism

Front 44

This mass extinction wiped out the dinosaurs and was followed by bird, then mammal radiation.

Back 44

K-T boundary

Front 45

This mass extinction nearly removed all life from Earth, and was followed by dinosaur radiation.

Back 45

End Permian

Front 46

A change in genetic frequency; a new trait appears or is lost; an existing trait becomes more common. The changes that we see.

Back 46

Microevolution

Front 47

A whole lot of microevolution; a new species forms. (When depends on how you define species.)

Back 47

Macroevolution