Special Senses Chapter 19

Front 1

Body constantly exposed to sensory information called...

Back 1

Stimuli

Front 2

Conscious awareness of stimuli...

Back 2

sensation

Front 3

Stimuli detected by...

Back 3

receptors

Front 4

Two classes of receptors:

Back 4

General senses
Special senses

Front 5

General senses

Back 5

temperature, pain, touch, stretch and pressure

Front 6

Special senses

Back 6

gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium and audition

Front 7

Three criteria used to describe receptors:

Back 7

stimulus origin
receptor distribution
modality (type) of stimulus

Front 8

General sense receptors distributed throughout____ and ____.

Back 8

skin, organs

Front 9

Special sense receptors housed in complex organs in...

Back 9

head

Front 10

Three types of receptors based on origin:

Back 10

exteroceptors
interoceptors
proprioceptors

Front 11

exteroceptors

Back 11

found in skin or mucous membranes
 nasal and oral cavities, vagina and anal canal

Front 12

interoceptors

Back 12

found in walls of viscera
 detect stretching, oxygen deprivation, temperature and pressure

Front 13

proprioceptors

Back 13

found in muscles, tendons and joints
 detect body and limb movement, muscle contraction and stretching

Front 14

Three types of receptors based on distribution:

Back 14

Somatic
Visceral
Special

Front 15

Somatic receptors

Back 15

– found within body wall
 include receptors for chemicals, temperature, pain, touch, proprioception and pressure

Front 16

Visceral receptors

Back 16

found within walls of viscera
 respond to chemicals, temperature and pressure

Front 17

Special receptors

Back 17

located only in head
 gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium and hearing

Front 18

Several classes of receptors based on stimulating agent:

Back 18

Chemo receptors
Thermo receptors
Photo receptors
Mechano receptors
Baro receptors
Nociceptors

Front 19

Chemo receptors

Back 19

detect specific molecules dissolved in fluid

Front 20

Thermo receptors

Back 20

detect changes in temperature

Front 21

Photo receptors

Back 21

detect changes in light intensity, color and movement of light

Front 22

Mechano receptors

Back 22

detect physical deformation due to touch, pressure, vibration and stretch

Front 23

Baro receptors

Back 23

detect pressure changes within body structures

Front 24

Nociceptors

Back 24

detect tissue damage and pain

Front 25

Photoreceptors detect:

Back 25

light
color
movement

Front 26

Accessory structures of eye prevent---__________
&____________

Back 26

Foreign objects from entering and lubricate, clean eye.

Front 27

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Back 27

Conjunctiva
eyebrows
eyelashes
eyelids
Lacrimal Aparatus

Front 28

Conjunctiva

Back 28

stratified squamous epithelium lines anterior surface of eye (but not the cornea) and inner surface of eyelid
 contains goblet cells to lubricate and moisten eye

Front 29

eyebrows

Back 29

prevent sweat from entering eye

Front 30

eyelashes

Back 30

prevent entry of foreign objects

Front 31

eyelids

Back 31

movable protective covering

Front 32

Lacrimal Gland

Back 32

produces fluid to lubricate eye
--tears

Front 33

Tears help prevent bacterial infections
 contain antibiotic-like enzyme called

Back 33

Lysozyme

Front 34

Lacrimal Apparatus consists of:

Back 34

Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal puncta
Lacrimal caniculi
Nasolacrimal duct

Front 35

Three principal layers form the wall of the eye:

Back 35

Fibrous Tunic
Vascular Tunic
Iris

Front 36

Fibrous Tunic
Composed of two regions:

Back 36

Cornea and Sclera

Front 37

Cornea

Back 37

transparent and avascular
 Allows light to pass into eye

Front 38

Sclera

Back 38

tough, majority of fibrous tunic
 allows for attachment of extrinsic eye muscles
White of the eye

Front 39

Vascular Tunic
 3 regions (from posterior to anterior):

Back 39

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

Front 40

Choroid

Back 40

Largest area
 Highly vascular, supplies oxygen and nutrients to Retina.

Front 41

Ciliary body

Back 41

Composed of ciliary muscles and ciliary processes
 suspensory ligaments extend from processes
 Attach to lens.
 Contraction/relaxation of ciliary muscles changes shape of lens

Front 42

Iris

Back 42

outermost part of anterior eye
 In center of iris is pupil .
 Opening that allows light into eye
 diameter of pupil regulated by two sets of muscles in iris

Front 43

Retina

Back 43

Internal layer of eye wall

Front 44

Two layers of the retina:

Back 44

Pigmented layer – attached to choroid
 cells absorb light energy
 provide photoreceptors with vitamin A
Neural layer – houses Photoreceptors and associated neurons

Front 45

Organization of the Neural Layer of Retina

Back 45

Photoreceptor layer
Bipolar layer
Ganglion cells

Front 46

Photoreceptor layer comprised of

Back 46

Rods and cones

Front 47

Rods & cones

Back 47

Rods--Not color sensitive
Cones--color sensitive

Front 48

Axons leave retina and form...

Back 48

CNII
Optic nerve

Front 49

Optic disc is the area where...

Back 49

Ganglion cell axons exit retina to form optic nerve
 Retinal arteries and veins enter and exit the retina

Front 50

Optic disc lacks & creates...

Back 50

Photoreceptors
Blind spot

Front 51

Fovea Centralis...

Back 51

Area of retina with the highest proportion of rods and almost no cones .
 Sharpest area of vision

Front 52

Lens

Back 52

 Transparent, deformable structure that is suspended behind pupil by suspensory ligaments

Front 53

Ciliary muscles

Back 53

change the shape of the lens to help focus images on the retina

Front 54

Cavities of the Eye

Back 54

Anterior cavity
Posterior cavity

Front 55

Anterior cavity of the eye

Back 55

between lens and cornea.
 Contains aqueous humor
 Nourishes cornea and lens

Front 56

Posterior cavity of the eye

Back 56

posterior to lens
 Contains vitreous humor
 Gelatinous mass that Helps to hold retina in place

Front 57

Ear contains organs of...

Back 57

equilibrium and hearing

Front 58

Ear is divided into three distinct anatomic regions:

Back 58

External
Middle
Inner

Front 59

External Ear or Auricle
collects

Back 59

sound waves

Front 60

External Ear leads to bony tube called

Back 60

external acoustic canal

Front 61

External Ear ends at the

Back 61

Tympanic membrane

Front 62

where is cerumen produced?

Back 62

glands of the extenal ear

Front 63

function of cerumen?

Back 63

Cleaning, lubrication, protection

Front 64

Middle Ear location

Back 64

Air-filled cavity behind tympanic membrane

Front 65

Three auditory ossicles...

Back 65

malleus
incus
stapes

Front 66

middle ear contents and function:

Back 66

opening to eustachian tube .
 connects to nasopharynx.
 allows for pressure equalization.

Front 67

optic chiasma

Back 67

Optic nerves cross. Some axons go right and some go left.

Front 68

Stapes connects to:

Back 68

Oval window of inner ear

Front 69

Malleus connects to:

Back 69

tympanic membrane

Front 70

eustachian tube is also called

Back 70

auditory tube

Front 71

eustachian tube connects to and function

Back 71

nasopharynx
allows for pressure

Front 72

Location of inner ear:

Back 72

Petrous portion of the Temporal Bone

Front 73

Inner ear also called:

Back 73

Bony Labyrinth

Front 74

Within bony labyrinth are fluid-filled tubes and spaces called...

Back 74

membranous labyrinth

Front 75

Bony labyrinth filled with____
Function

Back 75

Perylymph
supports and protects membranous labyrinth

Front 76

Membranous labyrinth contains fluid called

Back 76

Endolymph

Front 77

3 regions of the Bony Labyrinth...

Back 77

Vestibule
Semicircular Canals
Cochlea

Front 78

Vestibule of the bony labyrinth contains...

Back 78

Utricle (superior) and saccule (inferior)

Front 79

Semicircular canals of the bony labyrinth contain...

Back 79

semicircular ducts

Front 80

Equilibrium part of the inner ear is...

Back 80

Semicircular canals

Front 81

At the base of each semicircular duct is...

Back 81

Ampula

Front 82

Cochlea of bony labyrinth contains...

Back 82

Cochlear duct

Front 83

Contains organ of hearing...

Back 83

Cochlea

Front 84

Bony labyrinth surrounding cochlear duct split into two chambers:

Back 84

Scala vestubli
Scala Tympani

Front 85

Spiral organ (organ of corti ) located...

Back 85

within cochlear duct

Front 86

Spiral organ (organ of corti )
function

Back 86

detects movement of endolymph
o sits on basilar membrane