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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Olfaction Anatomy
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Olfactory epithelium
Lamina propria Cribiform plate Olfactory nerve fibers Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract |
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Olfactory Pathway
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Odorant results in local depolarization at an olfactory receptor neuron
If sufficient depolarization occurs, action potential occurs Convergence occurs First synapse occurs at the olfactory bulb Neurons travel from olfactory bulb to olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, limbic First order neuron from periphery Second goes directly to cortex (not always through thalamus) |
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Olfactory Pathologies
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Elderly- loss of receptor cells, can't produce as well
First sign of many neurological disorders |
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Olfactory Replacement
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Neurons are replaced at the level of the epithelium (basal cells reside in epithelium) and can be used in research to replace neuronal populations
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Epithelial projections
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Filiform papillae- no taste buds, tip of the tongue
Fungiform papillae- 5 taste buds in each Cicumvallate papillae- 100 taste buds in each |
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Taste buds
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With in papillae
Basal cells, transitional cells, gustatory cells with microvilli |
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Sensory Neurons
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In contact with gustatory cells
CN VII (facial) monitors taste buds in anterior 2/3 of tongue CN IX (glossopharyngeal) senses cicumvallate papillae and posterior 1/3 of tongue |
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Taste sensations
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Sweet
Salty Bitter Sour Umami Water |
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Reception via dissolved chemicals
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Salt and sour chemically gated ion channels
Sweet, bitter, umami: G protein regulated |
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Refraction and Accommodation
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Light passes from air through the cornea through aqueous humor
Light is refracted when passing from one medium to another |
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Focal Point
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A specific point of intersection on the retina
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Focal Distance
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Distance between the center of the lens and its focal point
Determined by: a. distance from the object to the lens (closer the object, greater focal distance) b. shape of the lens, rounder lens results i more refraction, shorter focal distance |
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Accommodation
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To focus images the shape of our lens changes
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Pathologies
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Myopia (nearsightedness) lens too round at rest
Hyperopia (farsightedness) lens is too flat Astigmatism, lens is more curved on one side Glaucomma: to much aquious humor, pressure Cateracs: lens becomes opaque |
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Visual physiology
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Our retina detects light of different wavelengths between 400nm and 700nm. Red is the lowest wavelength, violet is the highest
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Cones
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Provide information about the wavelength of light, need brighter lights vs. rods, little convergence
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Rods
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Detect presence or absence of light, more convergence
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Pigment and Protein in Rods
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Rhodopsin which contains light absorbing materal retinal, protein is called opsin
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Visual Pathway
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Optic nerve-> Thalamus -> Cortex Occipital, Superior Colliculus, Hypothalamus, Pineal, Ciradian rhythmes
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Visual Pathway Pathologies
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Homonymous hemianopia
Bitemporal hemianopia Blindness of one eye |
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Semicircular ducts
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Sensitive to rotation
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Hair cells
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Sensory receptors in semicircular ducts, mechanoreceptors, active only during movement, monitored by sensory neurons
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Vestibular branch of CNVII
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Carries impulses from the vestibule (hair cells)
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Movements
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Later sc duct is activated by sating "no"
Anterior sc duct is activated by saying "yes" Posterior sc duct is activated by tilting head side to side |
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Utricle and saccule
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Information about equilibirum when the body is moving or stationary
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Vertigo
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Inappropriate sense of motion
Caused by: Anything that moves hair cells inappropriately Excess alcohol Cold compress Abnormal endolymph production (Meniere's disease) Motion sickness |
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Cochlea
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tube-like structures
Sound waves enter at the oval window, go through the vestibular duct, hit the tip, go through the tympanic duct, and out through the round window |
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Organ of corti
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structure w/i cochlear duct that contains basilar membrane, hair cells and tectorial membrane
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Cochlear branch of CNVII
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carries information about the frequency and intensity of sound
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Frequency
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determined by which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated
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Intensity
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determined by how many hair cells are stimulated
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