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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The brain consists of ;
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Cerebrum
Cerebellum Midbrain Pons Medulla |
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The Ventricles of the brain, the subarachnoid spaces and the central canal of the spinal cord contain...?...
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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The spinal cord extends from the _______ through the _________ _________ to the level of the ______ and _______ _______ _______.
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Medulla through the foramen magnum to the level of the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebra
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How many spinal nerves?
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31 pairs - transmitted through the intervertebral foramina
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Pointed end of the cord
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Conus medullaris
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Large number of nerve roots extending from the conus to the coccyx is the ..?..
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Cauda Equina
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Where is CNF (cerebrospinal fluid) produced?
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Within the brain by the choroid plexus (network of capillaries)
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The lateral ventricles are located ...?...
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In the cerebral hemisphere
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The lateral ventricles are connected to the third ventricle by the ..?..
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Foramen of monroe
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The third ventricle is located between ..?..
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Between the two thalami
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The third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle by ...?....
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The cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
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The fourth ventricle is located ..?..
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Posterior to the pons
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The fourth ventricle is connected to the spinal canal by ..?..
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The foramen of Magendie (medial) and Lushka (lateral)
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Between the periosteum of the cranium/vertebra and the dura mater layer
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Epidural space
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Strong fibrous outer layer of the meninges
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Dura Mater
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The third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle by ...?....
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The cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
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The fourth ventricle is located ..?..
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Posterior to the pons
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The fourth ventricle is connected to the spinal canal by ..?..
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The foramen of Magendie (medial) and Lushka (lateral)
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Between the periosteum of the cranium/vertebra and the dura mater layer
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Epidural space
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Strong fibrous outer layer of the meninges
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Dura Mater
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Divides the dura and arachnoid layers
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The subdural space
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Delicate, weblike inner layer
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Arachnoid
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Space between the arachnoid and pia mater - CSF circulates in this space
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Subarachnoid space
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Inner, vascular coating; adheres directly to brain and cord
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Pia Mater
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Inner pulpy semigelatinous layer of the intervertebral disk
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Nucleus polposus
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Intervertebral disks
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Strong fibrocartilaginous structures; provide powerful bonds and elastic buffers
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Intervertebral disks account for ________ of the length of the vertebral column.
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25% of the length
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HNP
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Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
(Herniated disk) |
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Myelogram is performed to ??
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Study the spinal canal, spinal cord and nerve roots through the intoduction of contrast media
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For a Myelogram, contrast is injected into __?__
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The subarachnoid space
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Contrast injection in a Myelogram allows visualization of ______??______
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Visualization of the contours of the canal and cord to distinguish pathology
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Indications for a Myelogram
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HNP (herniated disk)
Dengenerative Disk disease (arthritis) Benign/Malignant tumors Bone fragments from trauma Spondylosis Spondylolisthesis Spinal Stenosis Failed Open Back Sugery Foraminal stenosis Radiculitis Radiculopathy Sciatica Bone spurs Whiplash |
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Spondylosis
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Osteoarthritic changes causing spurs to form and compress nerve roots
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Spondylolisthesis
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Breaking down of articular facets causing forward slippage of the vertebra (zygopophyseal joints erode)
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Most common complaint fo myelogram patients
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HNP (herniated disk)
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Main cause of HNP
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Trauma
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Symptoms of HNP
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Numbness
Pain Burning sensation Occurs especially in the extremities May be temporary or intermittent symptoms Acute (short term) or chronic (long term) |
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Recoverty for a myelogram involves ??
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Recovery for 4-8 hours
48 hours of rest aftering returning home |
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Contraindications for a myelogram
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Severe contrast allergy
Currently taking phenothiszines (seizure meds) Blood thinners Antibiotics for infection Increased intracranial pressure |
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Common injection site for a myelogram ??
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L3-L4 interspace
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What is specific for cervical and thoracic myelography?
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The patient must hyperextend the neck to prevent spillage into the ventricles
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Images obtained using the c-arm or conventional x-ray grids and cassettes
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PA images, obliques and c-table laterals
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What moves the contrast?
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Gravity
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CSF leakage through the injection site causes ??
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Headache
Dizziness Nausea |
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What procedure must be performed to stop the CSF leakage?
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A blood patch
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Complications from myelograms
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Headache and nausea
Subarachnoid bleeding Seizures Temporary pain due to patient position during the procedure CSF leadage through injection site |
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Post procedure care for myelogram patients
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-Keep head and thorax elevated 30-45 degrees for the next 12 hours and then flat for the remaining 12 hours
-24 hours of bedrest, no lifting or bending, increase liquids, resume normal activity after 48 hours |
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Plain film radiography of the spinal canal shows
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Arthritic changes
Post operative changes Metastatic disease |
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CT of the spinal canal shows
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Defines the dimensions of the bony canal (stenosis) and lateral encroachment
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CTM (CT after intrathecal contrast injection) of the spinal canal shows
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Size, shape, position of spinal cord and nerve roots
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MRI - (non-invasive)
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Provides excellent images of spinal cord, nerve roots and CSF - cord compressions, HNP, tumors, metastases
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