Spch 1500 Final

Front 1

denotative meaning

Back 1

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

Front 2

connotative meaning

Back 2

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

Front 3

thesaurus

Back 3

a book of synonims

Front 4

concrete words

Back 4

words that refer to tangible objects

Front 5

astract words

Back 5

words that refer to ideas or concepts

Front 6

clutter

Back 6

discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea

Front 7

imagery

Back 7

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions or ideas

Front 8

simile

Back 8

comparison between things thar are different yet have something in common

Front 9

cliche

Back 9

a trite or overused expression, contains like or as

Front 10

metaphor

Back 10

an implicit comparison b/t two things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Front 11

rhythm

Back 11

pattern of sound in a speech created by choice and arrangement of words

Front 12

parallelism

Back 12

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases or sentences

Front 13

repetition

Back 13

reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

Front 14

alliteration

Back 14

repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words

Front 15

antithesis

Back 15

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

Front 16

inclusive language

Back 16

language that odes not stereotype,demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender,race, religion, disability, sexual orientation or others

Front 17

generic 'he'

Back 17

the use of he to refer to both men and women.

Front 18

manuscript speech

Back 18

a speech that is written out word for word and read to audience

Front 19

impromptu speech

Back 19

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

Front 20

extemporaneous speech

Back 20

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from brief set of notes

Front 21

conversational quality

Back 21

presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

Front 22

volume

Back 22

the loudness or softness of the speakers voice

Front 23

pitch

Back 23

the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

Front 24

inflections

Back 24

changes in the pitch or tone of speakers voice

Front 25

monotone

Back 25

a constant pitch or tone of voice

Front 26

rate

Back 26

the speed at which a person speaks

Front 27

pause

Back 27

a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

Front 28

vocalized pause

Back 28

a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as uh, er and um

Front 29

vocal variety

Back 29

changes in a speaker's rate. pitch and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

Front 30

pronunciation

Back 30

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

Front 31

articulation

Back 31

the physical production of particular speech sounds

Front 32

dialect

Back 32

a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar or vocabulary

Front 33

kinesics

Back 33

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

Front 34

gestures

Back 34

motions of a speaker's hands or arms during speech

Front 35

eye contact

Back 35

direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

Front 36

persuasion

Back 36

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

Front 37

mental dialogue with the audience

Back 37

the mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

Front 38

target audience

Back 38

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Front 39

question of fact

Back 39

a question about truth or falsity of an assertion

Front 40

Organizing speeches on question of fact:

Back 40

1. specific purpose
2. central idea
3. main points

Front 41

question of value

Back 41

a question about the worth, rightness, morality and so forth of an idea or action

Front 42

question of policy

Back 42

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Front 43

Types of speeches on questions of policy:

Back 43

1. speech to gain passive agreement
2. speech to gain immediate action

Front 44

speech to gain passive agreement

Back 44

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

Front 45

speech to gain immediate action

Back 45

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

Front 46

Analyzing question of policy:

Back 46

1.need
2.plan
3. practicality

Front 47

need

Back 47

is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy

Front 48

burden of proof

Back 48

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

Front 49

plan

Back 49

If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

Front 50

practicality

Back 50

Will the speaker's plan solve the problem

Front 51

Organizing speeches on Question of policy:

Back 51

1.problem-solution order
2. problem-cause-solution order

Front 52

Problem-solution order

Back 52

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existance of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

Front 53

problem-cause-solution order

Back 53

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Front 54

Comparative advantages problem

Back 54

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

Front 55

Monroe's motivated sequence

Back 55

a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of motivated sequence are attention, need satisfaction, visualization and action

Front 56

Initial credibility

Back 56

the credibility of a speaker efore she or he starts to speak

Front 57

Factors of credibility

Back 57

1.competence
2. character

Front 58

derived credibility

Back 58

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during a speech

Front 59

terminal credibility

Back 59

the credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech

Front 60

creating common ground

Back 60

a technique in which a speaker connects himself with values, attitudes or experiences of the audience

Front 61

evidence

Back 61

supporting materials used to rpove or disprove something

Front 62

Tips for using Evidence:

Back 62

1. use specific evidence
2. use novel evidence
3. use evidence from credible sources

Front 63

reasoning

Back 63

the process of drawing conclusion on the basis of evidence

Front 64

reasoning from specific instances

Back 64

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

Front 65

hasty generalization

Back 65

an error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

Front 66

reasoning from principle

Back 66

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

Front 67

causal reasoning

Back 67

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

Front 68

false cause

Back 68

an error in causal reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

also known as ergo proper hoc

Front 69

analogical reasoning

Back 69

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar case and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

Front 70

invalid analogy

Back 70

an analogy in which the two cases being comapred are not essentially alike

Front 71

fallacy

Back 71

an error in reasoning

Front 72

red herring

Back 72

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from subject under discussion.

Front 73

ad hominem

Back 73

a fallacy that attacks the person rather then dealing with the real issue in dispute

Front 74

either-or

Back 74

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

Front 75

bandwagon

Back 75

a fallacy that assumes that because something is popular it is therefore good, correct or desirable

Front 76

slippery slope

Back 76

a fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Front 77

Speaker

Back 77

the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

Front 78

message

Back 78

whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

Front 79

Channel

Back 79

the means by which a message is communicated

Front 80

Listener

Back 80

the person who receives the speakers message

Front 81

Frame of reference

Back 81

the sum of a person knowledge, experience, goals, values and attitudes

Front 82

feedback

Back 82

the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

Front 83

interference

Back 83

anything that impedes the communication of a message.

Front 84

situation

Back 84

the time and place in which speech communication occurs

Front 85

ethnocentrism

Back 85

belief that own culture is better than others

Front 86

ethics

Back 86

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

Front 87

comprehensive listening

Back 87

listening to understand the message of the speaker

Front 88

spare' brain time '

Back 88

the difference between a rate at which most people talk and the rate at which the brain can process language

Front 89

general purpose

Back 89

the broad goal of a speech

Front 90

specific purpose

Back 90

a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech

Front 91

central idea

Back 91

a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

Front 92

residual message

Back 92

what a speaker wants the audience to remeber after it has forgotten everything else in a speech

Front 93

Tips for formulating a specific purpose statement

Back 93

1. write as full infinitive phrase not fragment
2. express as statement not question
3. avoid figurative language
4. limit to one distinct idea
5. make sure its not too vague or general

Front 94

audience centerdness

Back 94

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation adn presentation

Front 95

identification

Back 95

a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals and experiences

Front 96

egocentrism

Back 96

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with theri own values beliefs and wellbeing

Front 97

demographic audience analysis

Back 97

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factos such as age, gender, religion , sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic and cultural background.

Front 98

stereotyping

Back 98

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike

Front 99

situational audience analysis

Back 99

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as
1. the size of the audience
2. the physical setting for the speech
3. disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker and the occasion

Front 100

attitude

Back 100

a frame of mind in favor of the opposed person, policy, belief, institution etc.

Front 101

fixed-alternative questions

Back 101

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

Front 102

scale questions

Back 102

questions that require responses at a fixed intervals along a scale of answers

Front 103

open-ended questions

Back 103

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

Front 104

Audience adaptation before the speech

Back 104

1. assesing how your audience is likely to respond to what you say in your speech
2. adjusting what you say to make it as clear, appropriate and convincing as possible

Front 105

demographic audience analysis

Back 105

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age,gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership and racial, ethic, or cultural background

Front 106

thesis statement

Back 106

main idea of speech,essay,

Front 107

Audience-centerdness

Back 107

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

Front 108

Ethos

Back 108

credibility

Front 109

logos

Back 109

logical argument

Front 110

pathos

Back 110

emotional appeal

Front 111

strategies for dealing with nervousnes

Back 111

1.Acquire speaking experience
2. prepare,prepare,prepare
3. think positively
4 Use th epower of visualization
5 know that most nervousness
is not visible
6. Don't expect perfection

Front 112

Informative speech

Back 112

a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

Front 113

Main points of speech

Back 113

to inform
to entertain
to persuade

Front 114

signpost

Back 114

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

Front 115

Critical thinking

Back 115

focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences b/t fact and opinion

Front 116

identification

Back 116

a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals and experiences

Front 117

chronological order

Back 117

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

Front 118

spacial order

Back 118

the main points follow a directional pattern

Front 119

causal order

Back 119

the main points show a cause-and effect relationship

Front 120

problem-solution order

Back 120

first main point deals with the existence of a problem and second point presents a solution to the problem

Front 121

topical order

Back 121

the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

Front 122

transition

Back 122

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

Front 123

statistics

Back 123

numerical data

Front 124

extemporaneous speech

Back 124

using notes to help guide the speech

Front 125

Noise

Back 125

Anything that interferes with communication

Front 126

Connotative meaning

Back 126

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

Front 127

Dennotative meaning

Back 127

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

Front 128

feedback

Back 128

the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from listener to speaker

Front 129

rhetorical question

Back 129

a question not requiring an aswer and used to make a point

Front 130

eye contact

Back 130

direct visual contact with teh eyes of another person

Front 131

Supporting materials;

Back 131

1. examples
2. statistics
3. testimony

Front 132

circular conclusion

Back 132

conclusion that in some way restates the introduciton or the main point

Front 133

gesture

Back 133

motions of a speaker's hands or arms during speech

Front 134

Crescendo (in speech)

Back 134

A cullusion in which the speech builds to a zenith power and intensity