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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Who made accurate single-lens microscopes and saw the first bacteria?
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
(some Dutch clothing dealer) |
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What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek call bacteria and protists?
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animalcules
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Who made the compound microscope?
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Robert Hooke
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What did Robert Hooke observe on cork?
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boxlike compartments of the wood, cells
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Who proclaimed that cells are the elementary particles of organisms? When did they do this?
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Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann, 1839
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Who proclaimed "All cells come from other cells?" and when did he say this?
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German pathologist Rudolph Virchow in 1855
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What is the cell theory?
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All living things are made of cells.
All cells arise from preexisting cells. |
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Why are cells small?
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Must keep a good ratio of surface area to volume
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Why is high volume bad for a cell?
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Requires more metabolic activity
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Why is low surface area bad for a cell?
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Won't be able to allow nutrients in/out of the cell.
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Which grows faster in a cell, volume or surface area?
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volume
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what is approximately the ratio of surface area-to-volume necessary for survival of cells?
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10 micrometers
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How do scientists prepare slides in order to distinguish between parts of the cell?
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stains or phase contrast microscopy (uses filters to emphasize contrast)
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Can electron microscope virew living matter?
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no
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eu- means?
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good
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karyon means?
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kernal (nucleus)
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pro- means?
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before
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what is the function of the cytoplasm in prokaryotes?
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maintain shape
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some prokaryotes have a cell wall made of what protein-sugar combination?
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peptidoglycan
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what are prokaryotes advantage to eukaryotes?
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their simplicity lets them survive environmental extremes
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what is the cytoplasm made up of?
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cytosol
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what is the cytoskeleton/its function?
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protein structure that maintains shape and helps move organelles around the cell
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what is the cytoskeleton made up of?
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microtubules and microfilaments
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what are microtubules?
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thick, hollow rods that provide a strong scaffold for the cell
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what are microfilaments?
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actin filaments strung around the perimeter to help cell withstand strain
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what are cilia and flagella powered by?
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microtubules
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what are animal muscles and amoebic movement power by?
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contracting/expanding microfilaments
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what do organelles use to slide around the cell?
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microtubules protein tracks
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what do dna molecules wrap around?
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histone proteins
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what do histones make up?
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chromatin
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what is a nucleolus?
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dark structure that manufactures ribosomes
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what are the parts of mitochondria?
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outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, cristae, matric
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what are organelles do plants have but animals dont?
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chloroplast, cell wall, large central vacuole, amyloplasts
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what are organelles do animals have but plants dont?
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centrioles
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how do some cells survive in freshwater?
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they possess contractile vacuoles to pump out water
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what do the ERs do?
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rough-manufactures
smooth-transports proteins/manufactures fats |
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lysosomes
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digest waste
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what is a carbohydrate?
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1:2:1 ratio
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what is a monosaccharide?
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carbohydrate monomer (eg. glucose and fructose)
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what are the differences between glucose and fructose?
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glucose - double bond on top carbon, hexagonal ring, major source of energy in cellular activities
fructose - double bond on top and second carbon, pentagonal ring, found in fruits |
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what are disaccharides?
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two monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis to connect (eg glucose+fructose=sucrose)
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what are common functions of polysaccharides?
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storage or structure
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what are the polysaccharides in plants? animal?
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starch, glycogen
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what are some structural polysaccharides?
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plants-cellulose
animals-chitin |
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what makes up an amino acid?
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amine, carboxyl, hydrogen, and variable group around a carbon
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how many naturally reaccuring amino acids are there?
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20
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what bond joins two amino acids?
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peptide bond by dehydration synthesis
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what are the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of proteins?
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primary-intial sequence
secondary-initial folding and winding tertiary-overall folding |
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what causes proteins to denature?
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extreme pH and heat cause them to unfold
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what are lipids made of?
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hydrocarbon chains
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what is the base of a triglyceride?
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a glycerol molecule
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what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat?
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saturated-no double bond
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what type of fat do plants have? animal?
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unsaturated, saturated
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which type of fat is solid at room temp?
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saturated
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what is the differenced between a phospholipid and a triglyceride?
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switch one fatty acid with a phosphate group
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what part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?
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phosphate because it is polar
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what are steroids made of?
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4 fused carbon rings with a hydrocarbon chain
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which are other steroids synthesized from?
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cholesterol
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what makes up a nucleotide?
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nitrogenous base, phosphate, sugar molecule(glucose for DNA, fructose for RNA)
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