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4 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Basic grammatical gender rules
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Masculine:
* biologically masculine * Ends in -l, -o, -n, e, -r, or -s * Ends in -ma, -pa, or -ta Feminine: * Biologically feminine * Ends in -a, -d, -ie, -ión, -is, -umbre, or -z Weird stuff: * Feminine nouns beginning with a stressed "a" sound (1- or 2-syllable words that start with [a] or [ha]) take masculine articles (but not adjectives) in the singular. |
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Pluralization rules
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Add -s:
* Nouns that end in a vowel Add -es: * Nouns that end in a consonant Plural identical to singular: * Nouns that end in unstressed -es or -is Other stuff to remember: * Pluralization should not shift stress. Add or remove written accents as necessary to retain stress of singular. * -z endings change to -c when the -es plural is added. |
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ser vs. estar
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Ser:
* Description * Dates * Equivalence * Event * Identification * Material * Nationality * Origin * Objective reality * Profession * Possession Estar: * Condition * Emotion * Idiomatic phrases * Location * Mental state * Physical state * Progressive tenses * Subjective reality |
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Subject Pronouns
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yo
tú usted/él/la nosotros vosotros (Spain only) ustedes |
