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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Relative Pronouns-combine two sentences or clauses that share a common element. |
que-that; which; who quien(es)- refers to people and is after a preposition or the personal a Quien(es)-used instead of que when set off by commas lo que- refers to an idea, situation, or past event and means what, that which, or thing that |
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Formal (usted/ustedes) commands- gives orders or advice |
For ar verbs drop the O in the present tense and add, -e or -en For er and ir verbs drop the O in the present tense and add, -a or -an. verbs enging in -car, -gar, -zar Sacar- saque, c-qu Jugar- juegue, g-gu almorzar-almuerce, z-c |
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Present subjunctive-uses the subjunctive that expresses the speakers attitude toward events, as well as actions or states the speaker views as uncertain or hypothetical |
-ar verbs- change to e and conjugate -er and -ir verbs- change to a and conjugate |
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Irregular verbs for present subjunctive |
Conducir- conduzca Conocer- conozca Decir- diga Hacer- haga ofrecer- ofrezca oir- oiga paracer- parezca poner- ponga tener- tenga traducir- traduzca traer- traiga venir- venga ver- vea dar-de estar- este ir- vaya saber- sepa ser- sea
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Expressions of doubt, disbelief, or denial |
dudar- to doubt negar-to deny no creer- no to believe no estar seguro- not to be sure no es cierto- its not true no es seguro- its not certain no es verdad-its not true es impossible- its impossible |
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Subjunctive with conjunctions |
a menos que- unless antes (de) que- before con tal (de) que- provided that en caso (de) que- in case (that) para que- so that sin que- without |
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subjunctive in adjective clauses |
Indicative-I need the book... Subjunctive- I need a book... |
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Nosotros/as commands |
Both affirmative and negative commands are generally formed by using the first-person plural form of the present subjunctive |
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Past participles used as adjectives much like our -ed ending in ENGLISH |
-ar verbs-ado -er and -ir verbs- ido The -er and -ir verbs whose stems end in -a, -e, or -o carry a written accent mark on the i of the ido ending |
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Irregular past particples |
abrir- abierto resolver- resuelto decir-dicho romper- roto describir- descrito ver- visto descubrir- descubierto volver- vuelto escribir- escrito hacer-hecho morir- muerto poner-puesto |
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Present Perfect (de indicativo)- what someone has done or what has occurred. We use haber + past participle |
He + past participle Has Ha Hemos Han |
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Past perfect (de indicativo)- what someone had done or what had occurred BEFORE another past action, event, or state. It uses haber in the imperfect plus the past participle |
Había + past participle Habías Había Habíamos Habían |
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Present Perfect Subjunctive-used for what HAS HAPPENED- used to express a recent action, use the present subjunctive of HABER + past participle |
Haya + past participle Hayas Haya Hayamos Hayan |
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Future-what will or shall happen, all you have to do is add an ending on to the infinitive |
-é -ás -á -emos -án |
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Irregular verbs in the future |
decir-dir hacer-har poder-podr poner-pondr querer-querr saber-sabr salir-saldr tener-tendr venir-vendr
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The future of hay (there is or there are) is habrá (there will be) |
habrá |
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Future Perfect-talks about what will have happened by some future point in time |
Habré + past participle Habrás Habrá Habremos Habrán |
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Para + time expression and dentro de + time expression are also used to help the future perfect tense |
Para el lunes- By Monday Dentro de un año- within a year |
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Past subjunctive (imperfect subjunctive)- used in multiple-clause sentences that express will, influence, emotion, commands, indefiniteness ADD the ending to the uds./ellos/ellas for of the preterite dropping the -ron ending |
-ra -ras -ra -ramos (put accent on vowel before last consonant) aprendiéramos -ran |
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Irregular forms of the preterite |
dar-diera decir-dijera estar-estuviera hacer- hiciera ir/ser-fuera poder-pudiera poner-pusiera querer-quisiera saber- supiera tener-tuviera venir-viniera |
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Conditional- what you would do or what would happen under certain circumstances, add the appropriate ending to the end of the infinitive |
-ía -ías -ía -íamos -ían
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Conditional Perfect-used to express an action that would have occurred, but didn't. Uses haber + past participle |
Habría + past participle Habrías Habría Habríamos Habrían |
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Past perfect subjunctive-used in subordinate clauses, refers to actions or conditions that had taken place before another action or condition in the past |
Hubiera + past participle Hubieras Hubiera Hubiéramos Hubieran |
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Si Clauses- describes a condition or event upon which another condition or event depends
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Possible or like= Si+ present Habitual in the past= (Si + imperfect) + imperfect Contrary-to-fact-present= (Si + past imperfect subjunctive) + conditional Contrary-to-fact-past= (Si + past perfect subjunctive) + conditional perfect
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