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148 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
assessment
The process of making tentative judgments about how groups in society will adopt the values and behaviors of the dominant group.
behavior modification
An action intervention, based on the assumption that all behaviors are learned and can be changed, that focuses on reinforcing present positive behaviors to eliminate inappropriate behaviors.
casework
Services provided to individuals, families, groups, organizations, and the community to strengthen social functioning, based on assessing the client situation, identifying client needs, determining appropriate interventions to address identified needs, and monitoring and evaluating the process to ensure that outcomes address needs identified.
case management
Actions taken by social workers to manage the various aspects of cases they are working on.
client-centered therapy
Intervention based on the perspective that the client knows most about his or her problems and needs; the therapist seeks to provide an acceptable emotional climate where the client can work out solutions with support and reflection from the therapist.
contracting
A process of formulating a verbal or written agreement wit a client system of established goals based on identified needs, usually including the steps that will be taken to meet those goals, the entities involved, and target dates for completion.
dysfunctional
Impaired or abnormal functioning.
ego psychology
A theoretical perspective that emphasizes ego growth and development.
evaluation
A method of showing how a client system or a program has achieved or failed to achieve established goals.
feminist therapy
INtervention that empowers individuals who may be members of an oppressed group to find their own voice and view themselves as equals as they make decisions about their lives.
generalist
A social worker who operates from a systems/ecological perspective, using multiple interventions in working with client systems at the individual, family, group, organizational, community, or societal level and using the strengths of those systems to empower them to change their environment.
generalist practice
Orderly sequence of progressive stages in engaging a client (or client system such as a family) in activities and actions that promote agreed-on goals.
goal setting
A process used by social workers and other helping professionals with client systems to identify ways to meet their needs; usually includes the identification of specific goals, steps to be taken in meeting those goals, resources needed, and a time frame for completion.
group
A social unit consisting of individuals who define status and role relationships to one another; it possesses its own set of values and norms and regulates the behavior of its members.
group work
A process that seeks to stimulate and support more adaptive personal functioning and social skills of individuals through structured group interaction.
intervention
Planned activities designed to improve the social functioning of a client or client system.
natural group
A group in which members participate as a result of common interests, shared experiences, similar backgrounds and values, and personal satisfactions derived from interaction with other group members (for example, a street gang).
problem-solving approach
A common intervention used by social workers, based on client's motivation and capacity for change and opportunities available to the client to facilitate the change. The client and worker assess needs, identify problems and needs to be addressed, develop a plan to address problems and needs, and implement and monitor the plan, revising as needed.
reality therapy
An intervention, based on the assumption that people are responsible for their own behavior, that effects change by confronting individuals about irresponsible behaviors and encouraging them to accept responsibility for their behaviors and to develop positive self-worth through positive behavior.
self-concept
The image a person has of herself or himself in relation to appearance, ability, motivation, and capacity to react to the environment; derived primarily through feedback from others.
social study
The process of obtaining relevant information about the client system and perceived needs.
socialization group
A group of individuals whose goal is to help participants develop socially acceptable behavior and behavioral competency.
therapeutic group
Group requiring skilled professional leaders who assist group members in addressing intensive personal and emotional problems.
solution-focused therapy
Short-term cognitive behavioral intervention that emphasizes the present situation rather than events in the client's past; strategies focus on very specific situations and tasks that are assigned to clients to work on between sessions.
specialization
Practice of social work focused on a specific population or field of practice requiring specialized knowledge and skill; contrasts with generalist practice.
task-centered method
A short-term therapeutic approach to intervention that stresses the selection of specific tasks to be worked on within a limited time frame to address the needs of a client system.
advocate
Individual who intercedes or acts on behalf of another person or group; important social work role.
analyst/evaluator
Individual who determines the effectiveness of programs or agencies; important social work role.
broker
A social worker who assists clients in locating appropriate resources.
coalition building
Process of creating a multi-organizational power base large enough to influence program direction or draw down resources.
community
A group of individuals who usually live near each other; share a common environment, including public and private resources, and identify themselves with that community.
communities of diversity
Communities usually made up of members of marginalized groups who often struggle to navigate within an oppressive, discriminatory environment.
communities of identification and interest
Communities that are formed around shared concerns and deeply held beliefs and values that sometimes bring them into conflict with other communities.
community practice
Activities engaged in by social workers designed to improve conditions in the community.
community social and economic development
Community intervention designed to assist in the development of community programs and to prepare citizens to make use of social and economic investments (e.g., Earned Income Tax Credit, low-interest housing loans, and weatherization programs).
comparative social research
Approach that enables one nation to build on the policy design initiatives of others, thereby avoiding the need to start afresh.
disciplinary research
Studies designed to expand the body of knowledge of a particular discipline; also called pure or basic research.
educator
Person who provides information and/or teaching skills to facilitate change.
enabler
A person whose behavior facilitates another person's behavior to continue; used most often to describe situations in families in which substance abuse is a problem and other family members enable the substance abuse to continue by their reinforcing behaviors.
evaluative research
Research undertaken to show how a program achieves (or fails to achieve) its goals.
facilitator
Person who brings participants together to promote change through improved communication.
general manager
Person who assumes administrative responsibility for an agency at some level.
geographic or territorial communities
Places that have clearly-defined geopolitical boundaries.
hypothesis
A tentative assumption, derived from theory, that is capable of empirical verification.
initiator/coordinator
Person that brings people together to help them organize for change.
mediator
Person who helps factions work out their differences.
mobilizer
Person who identifies and convenes resources to address unmet community needs.
neighborhood and community organizing
Process designed to develop the capacity of community members to organize around quality-of-life issues in the community such as air quality and noise pollution.
negotiator
Intermediary who helps to resolve conflicts.
organizing functional communities
Community organizing technique where the scope of concern is advocacy for a specific issue or population, such as marriage rights for gays, and the system targeted for change is the general public and government institutions.
paradigm
Commonly-accepted or established way of thinking about things.
policy research
Research that focuses on evaluating the effects of proposed or existing social policy on constituent populations.
political and social action
Community organizing in which the scope of concern is to build political power and institutional change (get the message to those who can do something about the issue or problem).
private nonprofit agency
Nongovernmental agencies that provide social services, spending all of their funds to meet the goals of the agency with no financial profit earned by agency owners, directors, or employees.
private voluntary sector
Includes programs and agencies funded and operated by non-public entities (for instance, voluntary and proprietary agencies and private businesses).
program development and community liaison
A form of community organizing in which the desired outcome is the expansion or redirection of agency programs and the system targeted for change consists of agency funded sources and beneficiaries of agency services.
settlement house
Physical structure where community-based services and advocacy for the poor and disenfranchised are carried out.
single-case/single-subject designs
Research designs that evaluate the impact of interventions or policy changes on a single client or case.
social movements
Form of community organizing in which the desired outcome is action for social justice and the system targeted for change is the general public or political systems.
social planning
A social work approach to working with communities that emphasizes modification of institutional practices through the application of knowledge, values, and theory; a practical, rational approach.
social welfare policy
A specific course of actions taken to address an identified social problem, with emphasis on the decisions and choices that help determine those actions.
theory
A way of organizing facts or sets of facts to describe, explain, or predict events.
traditional communities
Communities in which community members attempt to maintain their separateness, uniqueness, cultural integrity, and historical identity (e.g., Amish, Native Americans, Hasidic Jews, and aborigines).
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
A public assistance program that provides cash assistance to families with children in need because of the loss of financial support as a result of death, disability, or the continued absence of a parent from the home (changed to Temporary ASsistance to Needy Families [TANF] in 1996).
collectivist perspective
Holds that social problems reflect fundamental socioeconomic circumstances, barriers to access, and lack of opportunity.
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the average change in prices over time for a fixed "market basket" of goods and services purchased by a specified group of consumers.
digital divide
The gap between the technological competence of people with ready access to technology compared to those with limited or no access to technology.
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)
A provision of the federal income tax system to give a cash supplement to working parents with low incomes; parents file a tax statement, and if their taxable earnings are below a specific amount, they receive a check for a percentage of their earnings regardless of whether they paid that amount or less in taxes.
Federal Poverty Income Limit (FPIL)
The amount of money required for individuals and families to satisfy their minimal living needs, published by the federal government each year.
general assistance
Public assistance programs that provide financial aid to persons who are in need but do not qualify for federally authorized programs; usually administered by county and local government and also referred to as relief programs.
homeless
Having no fixed, adequate, regular nighttime residence.
individualist perspective
Belief that individual problems are the result of bad choices, personal dysfunction, or a culture of poverty.
living wage
Three times the amount of money need in a given location to rent an apartment of a given size; rental costs (fair market rents) are established by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
market basket concept
A way of measuring the number of people in poverty based on a formula that includes the estimated costs a family spends to provide a minimum nutritional diet, with adjustments for family size, and a set proportion of income families generally spend for food; families spending less that the proportion of their income are considered below the poverty line.
Medicaid
Federally and state-funded public assistance program that provides health care to low-income individuals and families based on a means test using strict eligibility guidelines.
Old Age Survivors Disability Insurance (OASDI)
A Social Security insurance program established as part of the Social Security Act of 1935 that provides limited payments to those eligible elderly persons an/or their dependents who have been employed and have had taxes deducted from their wages matched by their employer paid into a funding pool.
poverty
A determination that a household's income is inadequate, judged by a specific standard.
relative poverty
Poverty measured by comparing the unit being measured (for example, individuals or families) to a set standard for that unit, such as income, with those falling below that standard identified as being in poverty.
root causes
Underlying cause of a social problem.
Social Security
An insurance program established as part of the Social Security Act that provides limited payments to eligible elderly persons who have been employed and have had taxes deducted from their wages, matched by their employers, and paid into a funding pool, or to their dependents.
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
A program administered in conjunction with the Social Security Program to provide cash assistance to needy aged, blind, and/or people with permanent and total disabilities who meet certain eligibility standards established by state and federal regulations.
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)
A public assistance program that provides cash assistance to families (primarily single-parent women) with children in need because of the loss of financial support as a result of death, disability, or the continued absence of a second parent from the home; assistance is available on a time-limited basis and requires participation in programs that prepare adults in the family for participation int he workforce; TANF replaced the AFDC program.
underclass
The lowest socioeconomic group in society characterized by chronic poverty and the inability to pull themselves out of their condition, often due to barriers and societal obstacles including oppression.
unemployment compensation
A program established by the Social Security Act that is funded by taxes assess by employers and is available to eligible unemployed workers.
welfare reform
Reform of the public welfare system by policy makers and legislators who believe that it is ineffective in achieving its stated goals.
workers' compensation
An insurance program that is funded by taxes assessed to employers and is available to eligible workers who are injured on the job or who experience job-related injuries or illnesses.
addiction
A physical or psychological dependence on mood-altering substances or activities, including but not limited to alcohol, other drugs, pills, food, sex, and gambling.
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
Self-help group for alcoholics based on abstinence and a 12-step philosophy of living; similar programs exist for family members of alcoholics and addicts for persons with other types of addictions.
alcohol
Oldest and most commonly abused substance in the world, usually functioning as a depressant but for some persons can also serve as a stimulant or hallucinogen.
alcoholism
Use of alcohol that interferes with personal life, including family and friends, school, job, health, spiritual life, or the law.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Federal legislation that provides protections for persons with disabilities, including employment and accessibility accommodations.
clinical social workers
Persons whose major focus is to provide clinical social work services, usually individual, group, or family counseling; often in a pediatric, hospital, residential treatment, or mental health facility; usually requires an MSW (also called psychiatric social worker in some settings).
community mental health programs
Mental health services provided in the community, usually through a community mental health center.
deinstitutionalization
A philosophy that advocates for care of individuals with mental health problems and developmental disabilities ins local community outpatient programs whenever appropriate to the client's needs, as opposed to hospitalization in an institution.
depressant
An agent that reduces a bodily functional activity such as staying awake or an instinctive desire such as eating.
depression
Overwhelming feeling of incapacitation that, int he extreme, may result in a person not being able to function.
developmental delay
Delay in communication, self-help, social-emotional, motor skills, sensory development, or cognition in comparison to skills typically observed in other individuals within the same age range.
developmental disability
A severe, chronic disability resulting from physical or mental impairment, usually prior to age 21, which results in substantial limitations of the individual's social, emotional, intellectual, and/or physical functioning.
Diagnostic and Statistic Manual (DSM or DSM-IV)
A classification system of types of mental disorders that incorporates both organic and environmental factors, developed by the American Psychiatric Association for assessment and intervention purposes (now in its fourth edition).
dual diagnosis
A determination that an individual has other diagnosable emotional problems in addition to substance abuse.
hallucinogen
A substance that induces hallucinations.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Federal legislation that mandates the school systems provide educational and social services for children with a range of disabilities, including emotional disturbance, mental retardation, and speech, vision, hearing, and learning disabilities.
inhalants
Class of toxic chemicals whose vapors are inhaled as a form of "getting high" (e.g., gasoline, Freon, aerosol products, paint, and glue).
least restrictive environment
A living environment for an individual that maintains the greatest degree of freedom, self-determination, autonomy, dignity, and integrity for the individual, often while he or she participates in treatment or receives services.
managed care
Health care delivery that limits the use and costs of services and measures performance.
medical model
A model that considers those with emotional problems as sick and thus not responsible for their behavior; focuses on deficits and dysfunction of client and family rather than their strengths, with little attention given to environmental aspects.
mental health
A state of successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with adversity.
mental health services
Range of services provided in the community or in an institutional setting to persons with mental health problems.
mental illness
Term that refers collectively to all diagnosable mental disorders.
moral treatment
A philosophy among professionals and advocates working with the mentally ill in the late 1700s and early 1800s that advocated a caring, human approach, as opposed to a punitive, repressive environment.
narcotics
Drugs such as opium and its derivatives, morphine, and heroin that dull the senses, relieve pain, and induce profound sleep.
National Association of Mental Health (NAMH)
A national association of professionals, individuals with mental health problems and their families, and organizations concerned about mental health issues and care of persons with mental health problems; provides education, advocacy, and research.
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
A federal agency created by U.S. Congress in 1949 to address mental health concerns; now a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
primary prevention
A program targeted at the total population to prevent a problem from occurring.
psychoanalysis
A method of dealing with emotional problems that focuses on inter-psychic functioning (internal conflicts with the individual).
psychotropic drugs
A type of drug used in the treatment of mental health problems, including depression and psychoses, that has resulted in major reductions in numbers of individuals with emotional problems needing long-term hospitalization.
secondary prevention
Targeted at specified groups within a larger population that are determined to be "at risk" or more likely to experience a specific problem than the larger population to prevent the problem from occurring, i.e. intervention on prevention on prevention of alcoholism targeted at teens with a parent who is an alcoholic.
stimulants
Drugs that stimulate the central nervous system, creating a sense of heightened euphoria.
substance abuse
Improper use of mood-altering substances such as drugs that results in detrimental effects on an individual's personal life, including school, job, family, friends, health, spiritual life, or the law.
suicide
The act or instance of taking one's own life voluntarily and intentionally.
tertiary prevention
Efforts targeted at individuals who have already experienced a specific problem to prevent that problem from reoccurring.
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
A usually fatal disease that attacks the body's natural immune system.
bioethics
Moral and ethical decisions associated with advanced technology in the health care field.
catastrophic illness
A chronic and severely debilitating illness that results in high medical costs and long term dependence on the health care system.
Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP)
Federal program enacted as Title XXI of the Social Security Act that expands health insurance coverage for low-income children up to age 19; financed jointly by federal and state governments and administered by states.
Gross domestic product (GDP)
The total monetary value of a nations annual output of goods and services.
health
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being that is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
health care
Services provided to individuals to prevent or to promote recovery from illness or disease.
health maintenance organizations (HMOs)
Pre-paid medical group practice for which individuals pay monthly fees and receive specific types of health at no cost or minimum cost per visit.
health risk factors
Factors that affect a person's health and place her or him at risk for serious health problems (for example, smoking).
health savings accounts (HSAs)
Used in conjunction with high-deductible health plans in which insurance does not cover "first dollar" (e.g., Medicare) medical expenses except for preventive care.
health-care systems reforms
Measures taken to address problems associated with the health care delivery system, usually legislative in nature.
HIV-positive
The first stage of AIDS, also called the seropositive state, which occurs when a person has tested positively for AIDS and ahs HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) antibodies in his or her blood.
holistic health care
Views all aspects of an individual's health in relation to how that individual interacts with family members, the workplace, and the community.
home health care
Health care provided in a person's home as opposed to a hospital or other institutional health care setting; made available through outreach visits by social workers, nurses, physicians, and other health practitioners.
hospices
Programs for terminally ill individuals and their families that enable them to die with dignity and support, often away from a hospital.
infant mortality rate
The number of infants who die at birth or before they reach a certain age compared to the total number of infants, both living and not living, within that age range, within a specified geographic location and a specified time frame.
long-term care facility
A program that provides long-term care to individuals, including the elderly and people with disabilities; state and federal regulations have established specific requirements that facilities must meet to be classified as long-term care facilities.
managed care system
A system of health care delivery that limits the use and costs of services and measures performance.
Medicaid
Federally and state-funded public assistance program that provides health care to low-income individuals and families based on a means test using strict eligibility guidelines.
Medicare
Federal health insurance program for the elderly.
medical social workers
Social workers that are employed in some type of medical setting.
physician-assisted suicide
Term used to describe the process whereby terminally-ill patients obtain and use prescriptions from their physicians for self-administered, lethal medications.
primary setting
A setting in which the types of services a professional provides match the primary goals of the setting (e.g., a hospital is the primary setting for a nurse but a secondary setting for a social worker).
private health insurance
Health insurance available to individuals and families through the workplace or through purchase of policies with private insurance companies.
public health insurance
Insurance provided by the public sector to those in need who are not covered by private insurance programs and meet eligibility requirements, such as Medicaid.
secondary setting
A setting in which the types of services a professional provides differ from the primary focus of the setting (for example, a social worker in a hospital works in a secondary setting, while a social worker in a social services agency works in a primary setting).
universal health care system
Access to health care by all citizens.