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110 Cards in this Set

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social welfare
Efforts organized by societies to facilitate the well-being of their members, usually focused on activities that seek to prevent, alleviate, or contribute to the solution of a selected set of social problems.
social work
The major profession that implements planned change activities prescribed by social welfare institutions through intervention with individuals, families, and groups or at community, organizational, and societal levels to enhance or restore social functioning.
values
Assumptions, convictions, or beliefs of a person or group in which they have an emotional investment. They influence opinions about the ways people should behave and the principles that should govern behavior.
humanitarianism
Promotion of human welfare and social reform.
laissez-faire
An economic theory developed by Adam Smith that emphasizes persons taking care of themselves and limits government intervention.
Elizabethan Poor Law
Legislation passed in England in 1601 that established categories of the poor, including the deserving poor (orphans, widows, and others) and the non-deserving poor (able-bodied males), and the treatment they were to receive from national and local governments; this law established precedents for policies toward the poor in the United States.
outdoor relief
Cash or in-kind assistance given to persons in need, allowing them to remain in their own homes (for example, public assistance payments for food and fuel).
Dorothea Dix
A philanthropist and social reformer who observed the care given the "insane" in the U.S. and sought to convince President Franklin Pierce to allocate federal and land grant monies for establishing federal institutions to care for the mentally ill. Her work was successful in raising public awareness about the problems of the mentally ill and set the tone for an era of significant reform during the mid- to late-1800s.
Jane Addams
A social worker who was instrumental in creating the settlement house movement as a resource for preparing immigrants to live in a new society; established Hull House in Chicago.
Hull House
Patterned after Toynbee Hall in London, Jane Addams established this in 1869 in one of the worst slum neighborhoods in Chicago. By addressing the problems of poor housing, low wages, child labor, juvenile delinquency and disease, Hull House and other settlement houses became major social action agencies.
Great Depression
The stock market crash of 1929 resulted in a drastic economic downturn that led to this. Businesses closed, banks declared bankruptcy, and millions of individuals lost jobs and savings, creating economic disaster and chaos.
New Deal
Emergency legislation created after the Depression that provided assistance for the jobless and poor; given this name because this legislation marked the first time in history that the federal government became engaged directly in providing relief and also provided an interpretation of the health and welfare provisions of the Constitution that established a historical precedent mandating the federal government to assume health and welfare responsibility for its citizens. This policy opened the door for later federal legislation in the areas of civil rights, fair employment practices, school busing, public assistance, and a variety of other social programs.
Social Security Act
Major social welfare legislation passed by the U.S. Congress in 1935, establishing social insurance programs based on taxes paid by working persons; public assistance programs to provide for those who do not qualify for social insurance programs and cannot provide for themselves or their families financially; and health and welfare services for children, families, the disabled, and the aged such as child welfare services, maternal and child health services, and services for the disabled.
social insurance
Financial assistance for those whose income has been curtailed because of retirement, death, or long-term disability of the family breadwinner; paid to former working persons or their dependents through a tax on earned income.
public assistance
Programs that provide income, medical care, and social services to individuals and families based on economic need, paid from state and local taxes, to provide a socially established minimum standard usually set by the state; Temporary Assistance to Need Families (TANF), food stamps, and Medicaid are public assistance programs.
health and welfare services
Programs providing services that facilitate individual health and welfare, such as maternal health and child care, public health, family planning, and child welfare services.
Great Society
A social reform program proposed by the Johnson administration in the 1960s to improve the quality of life for all Americans, with emphasis on the poor and disenfranchised; the War on Poverty was one of the major Great Society programs.
welfare reform
Reform of the public welfare system by policy makers and legislators who believe that it is ineffective in achieving its stated goals.
welfare devolution
Transfer of responsibility for public welfare programs from the federal government to individual states and localities.
Family Support Act
Mandated that states provide job opportunities and basic skills (JOBS) programs for most AFDC recipients (some, such as those with very young children or health problems, were exempted from participation). The act also provided up to 12 months of Medicaid and child care after recipients found jobs to ease the transition from welfare to work without loss of income; mandated that states provide AFDC benefits for a limited time to those families with previously employed males unable to find employment; and required stronger enforcement of child support payments by absent parents.
Social Security
An insurance program established as a part of the Social Security Act that provides limited payments to eligible elderly person who have been employed and have had taxes deducted from their wages, matched by their employers, and paid into a funding pool, or to their dependents.
compassionate conservatism
George W. Bush ushered in a new era of social welfare policy when he became the president in 2000, arguing that government cannot solve every problem, but it can encourage people and communities to help themselves and to help one another. He termed his philosophy and approach to actively help fellow citizens in need, yet to insist on responsibility and on results.
indoor relief
Assistance given to the poor and the needy through placement in institutions, such as poorhouses, orphanages, and prisons.
Charity Organization Society (COS)
The first relief organization in the United States that developed a systematic program to help the needy; promoted "scientific philanthropy" that incorporated individual assessment and development of coordinated service plans before providing services.
client system
Individuals, families, groups, organizations, or communities at whom intervention is directed to enhance social functioning.
community organization
A method of social work practice that involves the development of community resources to meet human needs.
competencies
Skills that are essential to perform certain functions; social workers must have these skills in a number of areas to be effective professionals.
Council on Social Work Education (CSWE)
The national organization of schools of social work that focuses on social work education and serves as the accrediting body for professional social work undergraduate (BSW) and master's (MSW) programs.
direct practice
A method of social work involving face-to-face contact with individuals, families, groups, and organizations and actual provision of services by the social worker for the purpose of addressing unmet needs; also referred to as a casework or social casework
ethics
A framework for determining what is right and wrong and how specific situations should be handled; the National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics relates to the moral principles of social work practice.
group work
A process that seeks to stimulate and support more adaptive personal functioning and social skills of individuals through structured group interactions.
multidisciplinary teams
A group of professionals from a variety of disciplines working with clients.
National Association of Social Workers (NASW)
The major national professional organization for social workers, which promotes ethics and quality in social work practice; stimulates political participation and social action; and maintains eligibility standards for membership.
opportunity structure
The accessibility of opportunities for an individual within that individual's environment, including personal and environmental factors such as physical traits, intelligence, family, and availability of employment.
pastoral counselor
A person who provides counseling services under the auspices of a religious organization, which usually includes an emphasis on spiritual wellbeing; usually a member of the clergy.
planned change
An orderly approach to addressing client needs based on assessment, knowledge of the client system's capacity for change, and focused intervention.
private practice
In social work, the delivery of client services for pay on an independent, autonomous basis rather than under the auspices of an agency; social workers in most states have an MSW degree; receive supervision by an advanced practitioner, and pass a licensing or certification examination before one is established.
pro bono
Provision of services at no cost; professionals such as lawyers and social workers do pro bono work with low-income clients for the public good.
psychiatry
A branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders.
psychobiology
A term describing the interactions between biological and environmental factors in understanding human behavior.
psychologist
Individual who practices psychology.
psychometric instruments
Tests used to measure psychological functioning.
Mary Richmond
A major contributor to the Charity Organization Society movement and considered by many to be the founder of the professional clinical social work movement; inaugurated the first training program for social workers at the New York School of Applied Philanthropy, the forerunner of schools of social work, and formulated the concept of social casework.
settlement house
Physical structure where community-based services and advocacy for the poor and disenfranchised are carried out.
social agencies
Organizations whose primary focus is to address social problems.
social casework
A social work method involving face-to-face contact with individuals, families, groups, or organizations, by which the social worker provides services directly to clients for the purpose of addressing unmet needs; also referred to as direct practice.
social group work
A social work method involving intervention with groups of individuals that use structured interaction to promote individual and group functioning and well-being.
social work
The major profession that implements planned change activities prescribed by social welfare institutions through intervention with individuals, families, and groups or at community, organizational, and societal levels to enhance or restore social functioning.
social worker
A member of the social work profession who works with individuals, families, groups, organizations, communities, or societies to improve social functioning.
socialization
The process of learning to become a social being; the acquisition of knowledge, values, abilities, and skills that are essential to function as a member of the society within which the individual lives.
sociologist
An expert who studies society, its organization and demographic structure, and patterns of human interaction, including norms, values, and behavior.
association
A relationship between two or more factors that occur together but are not necessarily causative (such as alcoholism and child abuse).
boundary
The limit or extent of a system; the point where one system ends and another begins.
cause-and-effect relationship
A relationship between factors in which one or more factors can be shown to directly cause a change in an additional factor or set of factors.
client system
Individuals, families, groups, organizations, or communities at whom intervention is directed to enhance social functioning.
closed system
A system with a boundary that is difficult to permeate; such systems are usually unreceptive to outsiders.
empowerment
A process to help others increase their personal, interpersonal, or political power so they can take action themselves to improve their lives.
entropy
Unavailable energy in a closed system that creates dysfunction within a system and eventually results in the system's inability to function.
equifinality
The idea that the final state of a system can be achieved in many different ways.
exosystem level
The level of social environment that incorporates community factors in which an individual does not participate directly but that affects the individual's functioning, such as school board and city council actions.
generalizable
The ability of a theory to use what happens in one situation to explain what happens in other situations.
inclusive
The ability of a theory to consistently explain events in the same way each time they occur.
intra-psychic
Being or occurring within the mind, psyche, or personality.
macrosystem level
The level of social environment that incorporates societal factors affecting an individual, including cultural ideologies, assumptions, and social policies that define and organize a given society.
mesosystem level
The level of social environment that incorporates interactions and interrelations among those persons, groups, and settings that comprise an individual's microsystem.
microsystem level
The level of social environment that includes the individual, including intra-psychic characteristics and past life experiences, and all the persons and groups in his or her day-to-day environment.
open system
A system whose boundaries are permeated easily.
opportunities
Factors within the environment that encourage an individual to meet his or her needs and to develop as a healthy, well-functioning person.
person-environment fit
The fit between a person's needs, rights, goals, and capacities and the physical and social environment within which the person functions.
resilience
Ability to recover or adapt successfully to adversity.
risks
Direct threats to healthy development, or the absence of opportunities that should facilitate healthy individual development.
social justice
Fairness and equality in the protection of civil and human rights, the treatment of individuals, the distribution of opportunity, and the assurance of personal and economic opportunity.
steady state
Constant adjustment of a system moving toward its goal while maintaining order and stability within.
strengths perspective
An approach to social work that focuses on the strengths of the client system and the broader environment within which it functions rather than on the deficiencies.
syenrgy
The combined energy of smaller parts of a larger system that is greater than the sum of the energy of those parts if they functioned separately.
system
A social unit consisting of interdependent, interacting parts.
systems/ecological framework
A major framework used to understand individual, family, community, organizational, and societal events and behaviors that emphasizes the interactions and interdependence between individuals and their environments.
testable
The ability of a theory to be measured accurately and validly.
theory
A way of organizing facts or sets of facts to describe, explain, or predict events.
worldview
One's perspective on the way the world works.
economic justice
Fair allocation of resources.
affirmative action
A legally mandated program established within education, business, and industry to improve opportunities for people of color and women.
assimilation
The expectation that members of non-dominant groups in society will adopt the values and behaviors of the dominant group.
Civil Rights Act
Federal legislation passed in 1964 and amended in 1965 that prohibits discrimination based on race, gender, religion, color, or ethnicity in public facilities, government programs or those operated or funded by the federal government, and employment.
civil rights movement
Far-reaching struggle that sought the full and equal participation of minorities, women, and other marginalized groups in the social and economic arenas of our society.
class
The stratification of individuals and groups according to their social and economic assets.
classism
Discrimination toward members of a group because of their economic status.
comparable worth
The concept that persons should receive measurably equal pay for the same type of work, regardless of their gender.
cultural diversity
The coexistence of various groups whose cultural differences are respected as equally valid. Group membership can be based on ethnicity, race, gender, class, religion, ability or disability, or sexual orientation.
cultural pluralism
The existence of two or more diverse cultures within a given society where each maintains its own traditions and special interests within the confines of the total society.
discrimination
Action that maintains and supports prejudice.
sexism
Discrimination against an individual because of gender.
sexual harassment
Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature when submission to or rejection of this conduct explicitly or implicitly affects an individual's employment, unreasonably interferes with an individual's work performance, or creates an intimidating or hostile or offensive work environment.
sexual orientation
An enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectional attraction to another person. It exists along a continuum that ranges from exclusive homosexuality to exclusive heterosexuality and includes various forms of bisexuality. Is different from sexual behavior because it refers to feelings and self-concept. Persons may or may not express it in their behaviors.
social inequality
Unequal treatment of social groups based on factors such as economic and social status, age, ethnicity, sexual preference, or gender.
social justice
Fairness and equity in the protection of civil and human rights, the treatment of individuals, the distribution of opportunity, and the assurance of personal and economic opportunity.
stereotypes
A standardized mental picture of a group attributed to all group members.
underclass
The lowest socioeconomic group in society characterized by chronic poverty and the inability to pull themselves out of their condition, often due to barriers and societal obstacles including oppression.
economic justice
Fair allocation of resources.
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
A proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution to assure complete and equal rights of all citizens without regard to race, color, creed, or gender; the amendment was not ratified by the number of states necessary for its adoption.
gender equality
Social, political, and economic equality between men and women.
hate crimes
Crimes (such as assault or defacement of property) motivated by hostility against individuals because they are members of a social group, such as one based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexual orientation.
homophobia
A fear or homosexuals and homosexuality.
institutional discrimination
Discrimination that occurs as the result of accepted beliefs and behaviors and is codified in societal roles and policies.
oppression
Unjust use of power against non-dominant groups by the dominant group.
populations at risk
Groups that experience prejudice, discrimination, and oppression from the dominant group.
prejudice
An irrational attitude of hostility directed against an individual, a group, a race, or their supposed characteristics.
racial profiling
Practice of law enforcement officers or others treating a person as a suspect because of his or her race.
same-sex marriage
Legal union between couples of the same sex.
social inequality
Unequal treatment of social groups based on factors such as economic and social status, age, ethnicity, sexual preference, or gender.