Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Muhammad
|
the founder and major prophet of Islam
|
|
|
Islam
|
a monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Muhammad and the writings of Qur'an, the Muslim holy book
|
|
|
Muslim
|
a believer in the religion of Islam who accepts allah as the only god
|
|
|
OPEC
|
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, founded in 1960
|
|
|
theocracy
|
a government run by religious leaders
|
|
|
Holocaust
|
the systematic killing of millions of Jews and other groups by the Nazis during WWll
|
|
|
PLO
|
a political group that claims to represent all Palestinians and to working toward gaining an independent Palestinian nation
|
|
|
Jerusalem
|
the current capital of Israel and an ancient city that is holy to Judaism, Islam and Christianity
|
|
|
Istanbul
|
the largest city of Turkey, formerly called Constantinople (capital of Byzantine, or Eastern Roman Empire) and usually called Byzantium in ancient times
|
|
|
EU
|
an organization of European nations whose members cooperate on economic, social, and political issues
|
|
|
Beirut
|
capital of Lebanon and a center of banking and finance
|
|
|
Archeology
|
the study of ancient civilizations and cultures through artifacts gathered from excavations
|
|
|
Ziggurat
|
a large, tiered structure used by ancient Mesopotamian cultures for worship and astronomical observance
|
|
|
Fertile Cresent
|
|
|
|
Cuneiform
|
ancient form of writing developed by the Sumerians
|
|
|
Bronze Age 2800-1200BC
|
2800-1200BC
|
|
|
Mesopotamia
|
land between 2 rivers
|
|
|
AD (Anno Domini)
|
In the Year of Our Lord; used to refer to events taking place after the birth of Christ
|
|
|
King Nebuchadnezzar
|
famous Chaldean king, constructed Hanging Gardens of Babylon for 1 of his wives
|
|
|
Babylonian Captivity
|
Nebuchadnezzar's armies conquered the Jews. They pillaged and burned Jerusalem. 15,000 Jews were taken to Babylon as slaves. For roughly 50 years the Jews were in exile as slaves until Nebuchadnezzar's successor released them (Period of Restoration)
|
|
|
Kurds
|
a member of and ethnic group that does not have its own country but whose homeland lies in parts of Turkey, Iraq, and Iran
|
|
|
Byzantine Empire
|
|
|
|
Kurdistan
|
Arab country that ceased to exist after WWI when it was divided among Turkey, Iraq, and Syria
|
|
|
Mandate
|
term which refers to the circumstance in which a defeated nations occupied temporarily by the victorious until stability and satisfactory government are established
|
|
|
Balfour Declaration
|
Name given to the policy that established England's support for a Israeli Nationhood
|
|
|
Israeli Nationhood
|
1948
|
|
|
3 Qualities Necessary to define a civilization:
|
established government; technological advancement; established religion; written language
|
|
|
The Code of Hammurabi and example
|
It stands as an important example of ancient civil law. The code established the right of retaliation, assured the upper class of lesser punishments for crimes, and most importantly placed responsibility for order in the hands of the government.
|
|
|
Insights gained from archeological excavations at Ur (2 examples)
|
Archaeologists uncovered evidence of large streets and tall buildings. This may indicate that the city was very busy, with lots of traffic. The tall buildings would seem to support the theory that the city was very wealthy and prosperous.
|
|
|
2 Phoenician Accomplishments
|
They established a successful trade in purple cloth, exploiting the snails that were in abundance. They also developed a 22 character alphabet that is an ancestor to our own
|
|
|
Jewish Culture vs Other cultures in Mesopotamia
|
They were monotheistic, they held a higher standard in their commitment to the 10 Commandments--justice and morality were important, they believed in having a personal relationship with God
|
|
|
7 Wonders of the Ancient World
|
- Great Pyramid at Giza, Egypt - Hanging Gardens at Babylon - Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece - Temple of Artemis at Ephesus - Mausoleum at Halicarnassus - Colossus of Rhodes - Lighthouse at Alexandria, Egypt |
|
|
Babylonian accomplishments in astronomy
|
they kept detailed records on the movement of stars and planets; accurately recorded the phases of the moon; decided that each month should be divided into four weeks
|
|
|
2 Persian Accomplishments
|
divided the empire into provinces,led by governors;built a network of roads; minted metal coins, and gave coins standard values(a first);tolerance and good government;great cities were established and prospered;learning and artistic achievement flourished
|
|
|
Impact of the oil industry in the Middle East
|
-Went from third world country to one of the wealthiest regions in the world - became center of economy - region grew in importance in the world - make almost all of their export money and a good amount of their GPD from oil - allows country to develop other parts of their economy |
|
|
Saddam Hussein's rise to power
|
-Iraq became an independent country in 1932 - Gained wealth from oil - people did not like how the king was using the wealth; thought more money should be put into helping the people - In 1958 a group of army officers overthrew the king - In 1979 Saddam Hussein became president |
|
|
Economies of Syria and Lebanon
|
Syria: -has some petroleum deposits - has fertile land so agriculture is important - main crops are cotton and wheat -Little manufacturing Lebanon:- had service industries of finance and banking -warfare has interfered -industries striving to recover |
|
|
Extremist Groups response to moderate Muslim Rule in 1979
|
-called Islamic fundamentalism- - pressure to conform to modern lifestyles that generated a radical fundamentalist movement in Arab countries -A series of "Ayatollah's displaced the monarchy in Iran, beginning in 1979 |
|
|
1979 seizure of the US embassy/ hatred for the US
|
hatred of the US became a strong component of these fundamentalist groups. They imagined a Muslim revolution that would take over North Africa, the Middle East and beyond. In 1979, Ayatollah endorsed the seizure of US embassy and taking 60 American hostages. These Americans were finally released in 1981.
|
|
|
Lebanon's origins/tensions
|
|
|
|
Palestinian response to receiving Gaza strip in 2006
|
|
|
|
Goal of Isis
|
The Goal is ISIS is to get rid of infidels and to convert non-Muslims to Islam
|
|
|
Dynasty
|
Term used to refer to a circumstance in which a nation or empire is ruled by successive generations of the same family
|
|
|
Menes
|
pharaoh famous for having united Egypt into one kingdom in 3100BC; combined the crowns of upper and lower Egypt
|
|
|
Hyksos Pharaohs
|
pharaohs from Asia
|
|
|
Hatshepsut
|
a woman that declared herself pharaoh in 1478BC
|
|
|
Hieroglyphics
|
form of Egyptian writing; pictures signify words
|
|
|
Low-Relief Sculpture
|
term used to describe a form of sculpture that is raised slightly from its adjacent surface
|
|
|
High- Relief Sculpture
|
term used to describe a form of sculpture that is substantially raised from the surface, but still affixed to it
|
|
|
Queen Nefertiti
|
rescued from a studio deliberately destroyed by hammermen, the small sculpture of this queen stands as one of the most famous works of ancient Egyptian art
|
|
|
Rosetta Stone
|
Used as part of a wall when it was discovered by one of Napoleon's soldiers in 1799,this stone stands as one of the most importantarchaeological finds of all time.With it,historians were able to unlock thecode to deciphering ancientEgyptian hieroglyphics.
|
|
|
Old kingdom
|
2660-2180
|
|
|
Middle Kingdom
|
2080-1640
|
|
|
New Kingdom
|
1570-1075
|
|
|
Egyptian canon
|
term which refers to the set of religious laws that governed Egyptian society -- its politics, culture and religion; largely responsible for 3,000 years of unchanging art/archticture/sculpture
|
|
|
Upper Lower Egypt |
"Upper" is in the south and "Lower" is in the north. The terms refer to the slope of the land and the direction of the Nile. The land is higher in the south (upper Egypt) and that is where the Nile has its source. The north (lower Egypt) is lower...
|
|
|
Inpotance of the Nile
|
1) transportation 2) water for livestock and people 3) When the Nile River recedes after overflowing its banks it leaves rich nutrients behind that are vital for farming
|
|
|
2 Contributions of the Hyksos Pharaohs
|
1) introduced new weaving techniques 2) learned to make bronze 3) introduced chariots for use in combat
|
|
|
name of god carved into statue importance
|
It was believed that once the name appeared, the god began to inhabit the statue.Other pagan religions of Biblical times had similar beliefs and this is why the Lord forbade "graven images" in the Old Testament.
|
|
|
monumental statuary vs tomb images |
Public statuary and imagery was very rigid and static. In the tombs we see figures in motion, in action poses.
|
|
|
Egyptian columns |
They were designed to clearly show that the columns were bearing tremendous weight. The columnns were bowed out, unlike columns of later civilizations.
|
|
|
Disappointment in excavating tombs
|
Tombs often fell prey to grave robbers.Valuable artifiacts were removed by thieves,sometimes thousands of years ago.Also, during the Middle Ages and into the 19th century mummies were being taken out of tombs and sold for their alleged medicinal benefits.
|
|
|
Map of Middle East
|
Know Israel, Syria, Golan heights, Jordan, Kuwait , Cyprus, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Bahrain, Lebanon, Iraq, Qatar, Palestinian territories, Turkey, United Arab Emerites
|
|
|
Good Luck! You will Do Great!
|
|
