Southern Politics Midterm

Front 1

Henry W. Grady

Back 1

Atlanta newspaperman
The spokesman of the new South
He used his office and influence to promote a New South program of northern investment, southern industrial growth, diverse forming and white supremacy.

Front 2

Booker T. Washington

Back 2

speaker apart of the New South. was known for his accomodationist speech in 1895
told people to stick with their minimal job. don't fight segregation, the white man is in control!
'Don't fight! Accomodate!"
used a more passive role for blacks in southern states
Founded the Tuskegee Institute
was known as the 'uncle tom' of the South.

Front 3

W.J. Cash

Back 3

wrote, "the mind of the South"
Cannot bring up the history of teh south or behavior or politics about south w/o reading this novel
writes about the south the way others haven't wrote it

Front 4

H.L. Mencken

Back 4

was a writer of enormous national influence who also played a leading role in southern intellectual life of the 1920s
The Sahara of the Bozart," which first appeared in 1917 in the New York Evening Mail and was reprinted in his book, Prejudices, Second Series (1920). In his essay he charged that the South was "almost as sterile, artistically, intellectually, culturally, as the Sahara Desert."

Front 5

V.O Key

Back 5

The author of "Southern Politics"
One of the classic academic approaches in Southern Politics
4 characteristics of southern politics: one party politics (just democratic party), Jim Crow Segregation(strict separation of the races.... Jim Crow was a character in menstrual shows, he was a black man, blacks were aka Jim Crows ), Mal-apportioned state legislature (dominance of rural areas, small countries, power in small rural counties, largely blacks but had no votes, power in the white population), and disenfranchisement of black voters.

Front 6

C. Vann Woodward

Back 6

One of the classic academic approaches in Southern Politics
Introduced the "Burden of Southern History"

Front 7

Jim Crow

Back 7

was being used as a collective racial epithet for blacks, not as offensive as nigger, but similar to coon or darkie. The popularity of minstrel shows clearly aided the spread of Jim Crow as a racial slur.

Front 8

Uncle Remus

Back 8

Song of the South is a 1946 American live-action/animated musical film produced by Walt Disney and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The film is based on him
the stories by Joel Chandler Harris. The live actors provide a sentimental frame story, in which
he relates the folk tales of the adventures of Br'er Rabbit and his friends.
Gave a picture of what the south was after reconstruction era.
he setting of the film is the deep South of the Reconstruction era.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Harris' original Uncle Remus stories were all set after the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery

Front 9

D.W. Griffith

Back 9

responsible for, "The birth of a Nation." director of the epic 1915 film The Birth of a Nation

Front 10

W.E.B DuBois

Back 10

helps form the NAACP
was against Booker T. Washington's notion he wanted to challenge the system.

Front 11

Ben Tillman

Back 11

the prototype of New South politicians
was an American politician who served as the 84th Governor of South Carolina, from 1890 to 1894, and as a United States Senator, from 1895 until his death in office. Tillman's outspoken white supremacy and support for lynch law provoked national controversy
for "white supremacy"

Front 12

Huey Long

Back 12

nicknamed "Kingfish," was a powerful American politician in the 1920s and 1930s, who built a ruthless Democratic machine in Louisiana as governor (1928-32) and U.S. Senator (1932-35). His base was among angry poor whites, both Protestant and Catholic (called "Rednecks" by the middle class enemies of Long.)
he launched an unprecedented program to build the state’s infrastructure and provide education and economic opportunity to the masses.
Once in power Long condemned the state's ruling hierarchy and attempted to replace it with his own supporters.

Front 13

Strom Thurmond

Back 13

Thurmond was both a governor of South Carolina and the Dixiecrat (a state's rights movement) candidate for the presidency in 1948. Examining Thurmond's career, Cohodas pays particular attention to his strong opposition to racial integration and his role in the development of the Republican Party as a viable force in the once solidly Democratic South.

Front 14

J. Waites Waring

Back 14

a judge who heard one of the five initial cases combined into the famous Brown v. Board of Education decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, Briggs v. Elliott. Briggs was the first filed of the five cases
Waring's dissent coined the phrase, "Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal," which was later adopted by the unanimous decision of the Supreme Court to reverse the lower court's ruling.

Front 15

Rosa Parks

Back 15

is important because she inspired the Birmingham Bus Boycott which lead to integrated buses in one of the most segregated cities in America.

Front 16

Emmitt Till

Back 16

after Brown Case
was a 14 year-old African American boy who was murdered in Mississippi in 1955. He was killed by two white men after he whistled at the wife of one of the men in a store. The two men were put on trial, and they were not convicted.

His story became a famous example of a racist murder. It happened right at the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement. His brutal murder, the trial of the two men who killed him, and the surrounding publicity helped to start the main part of the Civil Rights Movement

Front 17

Orval Faubus

Back 17

Former Gov. of Arkansas, was the Democratic Governor of Arkansas from 1955 to 1967, famously known for his vigorous stand against the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School in 1957.
deployed National Guardsmen to block Supreme Court-ordered school integration

Front 18

James Meredith

Back 18

was a student at the all-black Jackson State College who became the first black student
to enroll at the all-white University of Mississippi.

In September 1962, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) pressured President Kennedy into federalizing Mississippi troops to enforce a federal court ruling to allow Meredith to enroll at the all-white University of Mississippi. White students at the University rioted in protest, leaving two people dead

Front 19

Medgar Evers

Back 19

was the field secretary of the Mississippi NAACP until his death in 1963.

On June 12, 1963, a sniper shot and killed black civil rights leader in the driveway of his home in Jackson, Mississippi. His murder, like the 16th Street Birmingham Church Bombing, convinced many black Americans that non-violent protest would not be enough to change American race relations.

Front 20

MLK Jr.

Back 20

symbol of the non-violent struggle against segregation.
member of the Montgomery Improvement Association, served as the charismatic leader of the Birmingham Bus Boycott. The success of the boycott helped elevate him to one of the most prominent positions in the growing Civil Rights Movement, and helped him gain the confidence of black southerners ready to involve themselves in the struggle.
serve as one of the key organizers of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

Front 21

George Wallace

Back 21

became perhaps the most prominent national icon of segregationist resistance to the civil rights movement.
was a pro-segregation Democrat elected governor of Alabama in 1962, 1970, 1974, and 1982. He also ran for president of the United States as a Democratic candidate in 1964, 1972, and 1976, and as an American Independent Party candidate in 1968.
President Lyndon Johnson commanded him to mobilize Alabama's National Guard units to protect Selma marchers. he refused, claiming the state was "financially unable" to do so

Front 22

Old South

Back 22

Deals with white supremacy
movies such as gone with the wind, Born a nation depicts the
view,
The southern states of the U.S before the civil war.
AKA: deep south
way of describing the former lifestyle
of the antebellum period

Front 23

New South

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began in the 1800s, appeared about every 30 years
Henry Grady, tried to paint the picture that it was Revitalized, recovered from the Civil War,
ready for economic renaissance
This was largely a myth until post-World War II even then not until late 1960's

Front 24

Sunbelt

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a region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest (the geographic southern United States).
its warm-temperate climate with extended summers and brief, relatively mild winters; Florida, the Gulf Coast, and southern Texas, however, have a true subtropical climate

Front 25

Blackbelt

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a region of the Southern United States. Although the term originally described the prairies and dark soil of central Alabama and northeast Mississippi,[1] it has long been used to describe a broad agricultural region in the American South characterized by a history of plantation agriculture in the 19th century and a high percentage of African Americans in the population.

Front 26

Bombingham

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nickname for Birmingham given because of numerous "unsolved" bombings of African American leaders' homes and meeting places during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and '60s.
The nickname was used predominantly by African Americans.

Front 27

Little Rock

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city in Arkansas, viewed as the most significant development in the civil rights struggle in Arkansas. However, this event is just one part of a struggle for African-American freedom and equality that both predates and outlasts the twentieth century.
group of African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957

Front 28

Ole Miss

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in the early 1960s with the activities of United States Air Force veteran James Meredith from Kosciusko, Mississippi. Even Meredith's initial efforts required great courage. All involved knew how violently Dr. William David McCain and the white political establishment of Mississippi had recently reacted to similar efforts by Clyde Kennard to enroll at Mississippi Southern College (now the University of Southern Mississippi).[22][23][24][25]
Meredith won a lawsuit that allowed him admission to The University of Mississippi in September 1962.

Front 29

Ku Klux Klan

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organizations in the United States, which have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically expressed through terrorism.
emerged after World War II and was associated with opposing the Civil Rights Movement and progress among minorities.

Front 30

Redeemers

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a political coalition in the South during the Reconstruction era, who sought to overthrow the Radical Republican coalition of Freedmen, carpetbaggers and Scalawags. They were the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, the conservative, pro-business wing of the Democratic Party. Redeemers held power not by ballot-box fraud and the support of a few Northern capitalists, but by representing the interests of rural areas and the majority of Southerners

Front 31

Populists

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becomes a threat to democrats between 1877-1900

Front 32

NAACP

Back 32

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is a civil rights organization for ethnic minorities in the US.
founded by W.E.B DuBois and other members as well as white people

Front 33

Dixiecrats

Back 33

a short-lived segregationist political party in the United States in 1948. It originated as a breakaway faction of the Democratic Party in 1948, determined to protect what they portrayed as the southern way of life beset by an oppressive federal government,[1] and supporters assumed control of the state Democratic parties in part or in full in several Southern states.
opposed racial integration and wanted to retain Jim Crow laws and white supremacy in the face of possible federal intervention
By the 1870s the South was heavily Democratic in national and presidential elections, apart from pockets of Republican strength. It was the "Solid South"

Front 34

Scottsboro boys

Back 34

shines light on southern justice in 1930s
nine black teenage boys accused of rape in Alabama in 1931. The landmark set of legal cases from this incident dealt with racism and the right to a fair trial. The case included a frameup, an all-white jury, rushed trials, an attempted lynching, an angry mob, and is an example of an overall miscarriage of justice.
In 1931 nine black youths were indicted at Scottsboro, Ala., on charges of having raped two white women in a freight car passing through Alabama. In a series of trials the youths were found guilty and sentenced to death or to prison terms of 75 to 99 years. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed convictions twice on procedural grounds (that the youths' right to counsel had been infringed and that no blacks had served on the grand or trial jury). At the second trial one of the women recanted her previous testimony. The Alabama trial judge set aside the guilty verdict as contrary to the weight of the evidence and ordered a new trial.

Front 35

Citizen's Councils

Back 35

was known as the White Citizen's Council
was an American white supremacist organization formed on July 11, 1954.[1] After 1956, it was known as the Citizens' Councils of America. With about 60,000 members,[2] mostly in the South, the group was well known for its opposition to racial integration during the 1950s and 1960s, when it retaliated with economic boycotts and other strong intimidation against black activists, including depriving them of jobs.
was formed in Mississippi right after the Brown vs Board of Education case.

Front 36

Freedom Riders

Back 36

were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States in 1961 and following years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1946) and Boynton v. Virginia (1960,)[1] which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional.[2] The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them. The first Freedom Ride left Washington, D.C., on May 4, 1961 and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17.

Front 37

Bourbons

Back 37

french term for elites, upper class, better people.
Former confederates who took back power in all southern states were considered this...

Front 38

Boll Weevils

Back 38

was an American political term used in the mid- and late-20th century to describe conservative Southern Democrats

Front 39

Dred Scott Case (1857)

Back 39

a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court. It held that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the territories, and that people of African descent (both slave and free) were not protected by the Constitution and were not U.S. citizens.
retains historical significance as it is widely regarded as the worst decision ever made by the Supreme Court

Front 40

13th Amendment

Back 40

outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime
completed the abolition of slavery

Front 41

14th Amendment

Back 41

adopted as a Reconstruction amendment
Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship that overruled the Supreme Court's ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) that had held that people of African descent could not be citizens of the United States.[1]
Its Due Process Clause prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken to ensure fairness. This clause has been used to make most of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural rights.
Its Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction. This clause was the basis for Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court decision which precipitated the dismantling of racial segregation in United States education.

Front 42

15th Amendment

Back 42

prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (for example, slavery). It was ratified on February 3, 1870.

Front 43

Black Codes

Back 43

tried to reimpose slavery through laws once the 13th amendment was est.
ex: Blacks could not have firearms

Front 44

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Back 44

the state of Louisiana states that blacks and whites could not sit in the same railway cart. Plessy tried to go against because he could pass for white and was 1/8 black, so he didn't move. he said that it violated his 14th amendment
In 1890s passed saying the races are different, nothing government can do about it. The races are equal politically, but not socially.
Seperate but equal.

Front 45

CRA's 1870s

Back 45

the courts began ruling to integrate in public transportation, education and work places.

Front 46

Jim Crow Laws

Back 46

they mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans.

Front 47

restrictive covenant

Back 47

communities would do a contract withing itself to stop integration in a neighborhood.
Ex. a white house owner may agree that they can't sell their house to a black person.

Front 48

Literacy/poll tests

Back 48

a part of what the Jim Crow laws
were used in a form to deny blacks the right to vote.
In order for freedmen to vote, they must pay..., take a... and must approve of the grandfather clause.

Front 49

Grandfather clause

Back 49

This stated that in order for you to vote, your grandfather must have participated in the election of 1860. Since African Americans were still slaves during this time period, they could not vote. In which those present African Americans could not vote either.

Front 50

White primary

Back 50

a way of limiting the ability of African Americans to play a part in the political process. this was an effective device because of the virtual one-party political system in the South that existed until the late 1960s.

Front 51

Brown V. Board (1954)

Back 51

Linda Brown, an eight-year-old African-American girl, had been denied permission to attend an elementary school only five blocks from her home in Topeka, Kansas. School officials refused to register her at the nearby school, assigning her instead to a school for nonwhite students some 21 blocks from her home. Separate elementary schools for whites and nonwhites were maintained by the Board of Education in Topeka. Linda Brown's parents filed a lawsuit to force the schools to admit her to the nearby, but segregated, school for white students.
Warren wrote: “We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal…. segregation [in public education] is a denial of the equal protection of the laws.”

The Brown decision did more than reverse the Plessy doctrine of “separate but equal.” It reversed centuries of segregationist practice and thought in America.

Front 52

Brown II (1955)

Back 52

In 1955, the Supreme Court considered arguments by the schools requesting relief concerning the task of desegregation.
the court delegated the task of carrying out school desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur "with all deliberate speed"

Front 53

CRA 1964/ VRA 1965

Back 53

expanded citizens the right to vote

Front 54

Burden of Southern History

Back 54

created by Van Woodard
which was defeat in war ( only a part America have to known the pre-vietnam) Poverty (greater and longer lasting than any other section of the nation) and Guilt (regarding slavery) not everyone agrees with this theory
south experienced grinding poverty: fickled crop, drought, one crop economy and cotton prices fluctuated. Poverty resulted in disease, was known as a third world. Said that people deal with the guilt and burden of slavery.

Front 55

Birth of a Nation

Back 55

people received their vision of the South by this movie
directed by D. W. Griffith
highly controversial owing to its portrayal of African-American men (played by white actors in blackface) as unintelligent and sexually aggressive towards white women, and the portrayal of the Ku Klux Klan (whose original founding is dramatized) as a heroic force
credited for inspiring the second era KKK

Front 56

The Solid South

Back 56

est. in 1900 one party dominance, the democratic party

Front 57

Savage South

Back 57

The KKK, lynchings, terrorizing of the black man and women; Scottsboro Boys, Emmit Till
Poverty, affecting both black and white
Rule by a wealthy few, huge gaps in income, grinding poverty, disease
Brutal segregation, separation and great political inequality
H.L Mencken, "The Sahara of the Bozart"

Front 58

King Cotton

Back 58

a slogan used by southerners (1860–61) to support secession from the United States by arguing cotton exports would make an independent Confederacy economically prosperous, and—more important—would force Great Britain and France to support the Confederacy in the Civil War because their industrial economy depended on textiles derived from cotton. The slogan was successful in mobilizing support: by February 1861, the seven states whose economies were based on cotton plantations had all seceded and formed the Confederacy.

Front 59

The Lost Cause

Back 59

name commonly given to an American literary and intellectual movement that sought to reconcile the traditional white society of the U.S. South to the defeat of the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War of 1861–1865.

Front 60

Southern Manifesto

Back 60

accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power." It promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." [3] The Manifesto suggested that the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues.

Front 61

Interposition/nullification

Back 61

State legislatures from Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia adopted resolutions of "interposition and nullification," where they could oppose the ruling and refuse to enforce the desegregation of public schools.
Interposition: means that a state of the U.S. may oppose any federal action it believes encroaches on its power
Nullification: refers to a U.S state refusing to enforce a federal law on Constitutional grounds.

Front 62

bi-factionalism

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term used for the restructuring of the Democratic party in the south during the late 1940's and 1950's. It was the belief of some, that single primary states should have bifactional Democratic politics and double primary states should have multifactional Democratic politics.

Front 63

"To Secure These Rights"

Back 63

we ALLOW the government to function in protection of OUR GOD-GIVEN rights. Their just powers are to protect us from invasion (which they are not doing along our southern border) and to ensure our Life, Liberty,and the Pursuit of Happiness.

Front 64

Truman Commission (1946)

Back 64

he beginning of the Civil Rights movement through the calling of a Civil Right Commission to the order to desegregate the armed forces.

Front 65

national/emergent/traditional states

Back 65

classifications of southern states today
1. similar to the rest of the nation (Texas, Florida, Georgia, Virginia)
2. approaching 'national' not yet there (N.C and Tennessee)
3. still at the bottom of most indicators of progress (S.C, Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi).

Front 66

Reconstruction

Back 66

gave South an identify, unifying theme but there was hatred of blacks
a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States, but most historians consider it a failure because the region became a poverty-stricken backwater and whites re-established their supremacy, making the Freedmen second-class citizens by the start of the 20th century

Front 67

Radical Reconstruction

Back 67

The Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War

Front 68

Election of 1876

Back 68

reconstruction ended and eight box laws were established

Front 69

The Great Depression

Back 69

south fell into even worse hardship.
south wasn't totally over the civil war
began raising taxes, cutting spending on governement spending, droughts and locust disrupted farmers.

Front 70

The New Deal

Back 70

programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is, Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.

Front 71

Lynching

Back 71

tactic used before WWII, was common for black people, used to keep the black suppressed and whites elite

Front 72

Sit ins

Back 72

tactics used as a civil right's movement, protesting! went to dinners and tried to get served.
done in greensboro, and nashville in 1960

Front 73

Bus Boycott

Back 73

refuse to ride the city buses until they become desegregated.

Front 74

segregation

Back 74

ways to keep blacks and whites separated.

Front 75

Define 'the South' geographically, historically, sociologically, politically, psychologically, and economically

Back 75

Land has been a resource over which disputes have historically centered b/c the natural topography of an area often dictates political divisions. Natural resources supported agriculture in the south. Later the land and the waterways become havens for tourism and recreation. Soil and climate plays a huge role in political history. Weather created a rustic culture that flourished with short winters and hot, humid windless days. coastal plain along Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, red soil Piedmont. High mountains of N.C and Tennessee. A variety of bluffs, floodplains, and delta river basins. Flat plains fell away to a coast or never that accomodated the Old South. The old South such as Montgomery, New Orleans, and Charleston. It was plantation culture in Black Belt counties of agriculture and slavery. While elevated interior regions were home to poorer farming practices, and the New South. (Birmingham, Atlanta, and charlotte) land ownership became part of southern mindset.
Blacks were locked in racial

Front 76

Describe the politics of V.O Key.
What were the defining characteristics that he found in his research in 1945-48 that defined the politics of the eleven states of the old confederacy

Back 76

There were two major events of Postbellum Reconstruction. from 1865 to 1900.
1865-1876 there was slavery and the dred scott decision that stated that blacks had no rights in the Constitution that a white man had to respect. There was also lee's surrender and the the 13th ammendment took place that took Lincoln's emancipation proclamation to to the next level to ensure that slavery was completely abolished. However states came up with black codes so that they could impose slavery such as black could not carry firearms. There was the Radical Reconstruction which were radical republicans that believed that blacks had the same rights as anybody else and there was the 14th amendment states stated that black people were not considered citizens of the U.S were considered unconstitutional and illegal and the civil rights acts of the 70's began to take place. The 15th ammendment began the black participation in politics such as the civil rights acts. There was white resistance to take back the south the KKK was dev

Front 77

Identify major events of the civil rights movement in the period 1954-1965

Back 77

Emmit till murdered, after the Brown case
Montgomery bus boycott due to rosa parks
white citizens council was formed
little rock had blacks intergrating schools and starting riots there were then sit ins and freedom rides in 1960s as well as the murders of Medgar Evers , the assassination of kennedy and church bombing that killed three girls.
The march on Washington
the civil rights act of 1964 was fought for
selma confrontation no the bridge created the Voting Rights Act 0f 1965
CRA and VRA radically changed southern american politics.