Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence - Ch. 34.2

Front 1

Filipinos Immediate Goals

Back 1

Rebuild economy and restore capital: Manila

Front 2

Bell Act

Back 2

Establish free trade between the USA and and Philippines for eight yeas, to be followed by gradually increasing tariffs.

Front 3

Fedinand Marcos

Back 3

Elected president of Philippines in 1965. Country suffered under his rule from 1966-1986. Marcos imposed an authoritarian regime and stole millions of dollars from public treasury. Although consitituion limited marcos to eight years he got around it by imposing martial law, from 1972-1981.

Front 4

Corazon Aquino

Back 4

Challanged marcos. Won but marcos refused to acknowledge her victory, when he declared himself the offical winner a public outcry resulted. He was forced into exile into Hawaii. 1995 philippines succeeded in recovering $475 million Marcos had stolen.
- Aquino promised a more democratic form of gov't

Front 5

PHILIPPINES

Independence

Back 5

- One of first colonies to achieve indep. after WWII
- Gained independence from U.S. on July 4, 1946

Front 6

U.S. gave $620 million in war damages -- with two conditions

Back 6

1) Bell Act (free trade w/ U.S.)
2) U.S. military presence in Philippines

Front 7

Clark Air Force Base
&
Subic Bay Naval Base

Back 7

U.S. military bases in Philippines, which became greatest source of conflict b/t the U.S. & the Philippines: regarded as proof of American imperialism; both bases given up in 1992

Front 8

MNLF

Back 8

- "Moro National Liberation Front"
- group of Muslims who began an armed struggle for indep. from Philippine rule in 1970s
- ceasefire; granted autonomous region in 1996

Front 9

Abu Sayyaf

Back 9

- a splinter group of the MNLF rebels
- continue fighting, use terror tactics (kidnappings)

Front 10

Gloria Macapagal

Back 10

current Philippines president

Front 11

BURMA - Independence

Back 11

- became a sovereign republic in 1948
- renamed Myanmar in 1989
- after indep., one political upheaval after another

Front 12

Aung San Suu Kyi

Back 12

- daughter of former leader of Burmese nationalists' army (killed years ago)
- active in pro-democracy activities with National League for Democracy -- but placed under house arrest repeatedly for this

Front 13

MALAYSIA

Back 13

- Malay Peninsula once ruled by British, then conquered by Japan in WWII; then Britain returned after 1945
- Malays = slight majority on peninsula
- Chinese = largest grp on southern tip

Front 14

Federation of Malaya

Back 14

- created 1957
- included Singapore at first Malaya, Sarawak, and Sabah; then Sing. broke away & federation became Malaysia
- steady economic progress

Front 15

SINGAPORE

Back 15

- broke away from Federation of Malaya to become independent city-state in 1965
- one of busiest ports in the world
- extremely prosperous nation
- banking center, trade center
- very strong economy

Front 16

Sukarno

Back 16

- leader of the effort for Indonesian independence
- backed by guerilla army, named himself president
- Dutch resisted but gave in

Front 17

INDONESIA - Independence

Back 17

- Dutch granted independence in 1949

Front 18

Suharto

Back 18

- general who put down the attempted coup by junior army officers in Indonesia
- seized power himself, then began bloodbath (1 million ppl killed)
- turned Indonesia into a police state w/ frequent martial law
- bribery, corruption, little relgious tolerance

Front 19

Megawati Sukarnoputri

Back 19

- daughter of Sukarno
- elected president 2001
- hailed virtues of democracy

Front 20

EAST TIMOR - Independence

Back 20

- campaign led by Jose Ramos Horta, who won the 1996 Nobel Peace Prize for efforts without violence
- UN referendum approved indep.; pro-Indoneian forces were enraged and killed hundreds
- Finally 2002 independence won!