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110 Cards in this Set
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Any substance that when inhaled, injected, smoked, consumed, absorbed via a patch on the skin, or dissolved under the tongue causes a temporary physiological or psychological change in the body |
Drugs/ Medicine |
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Is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being. |
Medication or medicine |
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Sources of Drugs: |
Plants Animals Mineral/ Earth sources Semi- synthetic or synthetic sources Microbial products Recombinant DNA technology |
PRAMMS |
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Oldest; ancient time usage |
Plants |
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Almost all of the parts are used (leaves, stem, bark, roots and fruits) |
Plant |
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In leaves ; Digitalis Purpurea are the sources of ________ |
Digitoxin |
Leaves |
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For the heart; in cardiac leukocyte it increases output spore of heart and decrease rate of contraction |
Digitoxin |
Leaves |
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Gives oil which is important component of cough syrup |
Eucalyptus |
Leaves |
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Gives nicotine; prevents Alzheimers and addiction |
Tobacco leaves |
Leaves |
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Gives atrophine; treat nerve agent, surgery, pesticide poisoning |
Atropa belladona |
Leaves |
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In Flowers; It gives morphine (opoid) for pain medication, CNS to low pain during surgery |
Poppy papaver somniferum |
Flowers |
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Gives vincristine and vinblastine for chemotherapy |
Vinca rosea |
Flowers |
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Gives rose water used as tonic |
Rose |
Flowers |
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In Fruits, gives anthracine which is a purgative (constipation) |
Senna pod |
Fruits |
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Gives physostigmine, which is cholinomimetic agent stimulate PNS |
Calabar beans |
Fruits |
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Gives strychnine stimulate CNS |
Nux Vomica |
Seeds |
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Gives castor oil for strong fungicidal agent |
Castor oil |
Seeds |
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Gives Emetine. Amoebicidal and enduce vomiting |
Ipecacuanha root |
Roots |
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Gives reserpine, a hypotensive agent lowers BP |
Rauwolfia serpentina |
Roots |
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Gives quinine (antiarrythmic properties) and quinidine (anti malaria drug) |
Cinchona bark |
Bark |
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Gives atropine which is anticholinergic (blocks neurotransmitter Acetylcholine) |
Hyoscyamus Niger |
Bark |
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Gives tuboqurarine for skeletal muscle relaxant anaesthesia |
Chondrodendron |
Stem |
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Important Pharmacological Active Principles on Plants: |
Alkaloids Glycosides Oils Resins Gums Tannins |
TORGAG |
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(-ine), nitrogenous heterocyclic bases Insoluble in H2O Forms salts with acids |
Alkaloids |
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Example of Alkaloids |
Atropine, Atropa belladona Quinine, cinchona bark |
AACQ |
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Combination of sugar with other organic structures. Hydrolysis with mineral acids l glycoside split up into sugar and non sugar residue |
Glycoserine |
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Example of Glycoserine |
Digitixin; digitalis purpurea |
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3 kinds of oils |
Essential oil (volatile oils) Fixed oil Mineral oil |
FEM |
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Leaves or flower petals by steam distillation |
Essential Oil |
OILS |
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Terpene derivative; Aroma Steam volatile No food value (caloric) Doesnt form soaps or alkaloids Not Rancid |
Essential Oils |
OILS |
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Example of Essential Oils |
Carmative; ginger, eucalyptus oil Antiseptic; mouthwash Flavouring agents; peppermint oil Pain relieving agent; clove oil |
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Solvent extraction of crushed seeds Triglycerides Non volatile Have caloric value Forms soaps with alkaloids Becomes rancid |
Fixed oil |
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Example of Fixed Oil |
Ground nut oil Coconut oil Olive oil Castor oil |
GOCC |
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Obtained by dry distillation of wood |
Mineral oil |
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Example of Mineral Oil |
Liquid paraffin (lubricant laxative) |
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Hydrocarbons derived from Petroleum |
Liquid paraffin |
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Polymers of volatile oils Insoluble in water |
Resins |
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Example of Resin |
Bezoin (inhalation in common colds and cough) |
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Secretory products of plants Dispersed in water Form adhesive mucilaginous colloids |
Gums |
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Example of Gums |
Gum acacia |
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Non nitrogenous phenolic derivatives from plants Soluble in water |
Tannins |
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Example of Tannins |
Astringents |
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Pancreas; insulin Sheep thyroid; thyroxin Cod liver; vit. A and D |
Animals |
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Anterior pituitary; pituitary gonadotropins Blood of animals; prep'n of vaccines Stomach tissue; pepsin & trypsin (enteric dses) |
Animals |
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Fungus that gives penicillin |
Penicillium notatum |
Microorganism |
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Gives Streptomycin |
Actinobacteria |
Microorganism |
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Gives gentamicin and tobramycin |
Streptomycis and micromonosporas |
Microorganism |
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Highly potent, broad sprectrum, antibiotics |
Aminoglycosides |
Microorganism |
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Used in Iron deficinency anemia |
Iron |
Metallic and non metallic sources |
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Used in Syphilis |
Mercurial salts |
Metallic and non metallic sources |
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1. Zinc supplement. 2. Used in wounds and eczema |
Zinc Zinc oxide paste |
MNMS |
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Antiseptic |
Iodine |
MNMS |
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Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis |
Gold salts |
MNMS |
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Has antiseptic properties (2) |
Fluorine and Borax |
Miscellaneous sources |
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Liquid paraffin |
Petroleum |
Miscellaneous sources |
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When nucleus of the drug from natural sources as well as its chemical structure is altered |
synthetic |
Synthetic sources |
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Example of synthetic sources |
Emetine(Ipecac, amoebic infection) Bismuth (sub salysilate, antacid medication) Iodide (potassium iodide, congestion of chest and throat) |
EBI |
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When nucleus of drug obtained from natural source is retained but the chemical structure is altered |
Semi-synthetic |
Semi synthetic source |
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Apomorphine (Parkinsons dse) Ethinyl Estradiol (contraceptive) Homatropine (Eye condition) Ampicillin (Bact Inf) Methyl testoaterone (low t in men) |
Semi synthetic sources |
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Cleavage of DNA by enzyme restrictiom endonucleases. The desired gene is coupled to rapid replicating DNA. The new genetice combination is inserted into bact culture and allow production of vast amount of genetic material |
Recombinant DNA technology |
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Advantages of recombinant DNA technology |
Huge amounts of drugs can be produced Drug can be obtained in pure form It is less antigenic |
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Disadvantage of Recombinant DNA technology |
Well equipped lab is required Highly trained staff is required It is a complex and complicated technique |
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Describes the effect of the drug a single patient experiencing |
Case report |
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Cheap method for generating hypothesis about drug effects Easiest study |
Case report |
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Collection of patient who had single exposure. Useful in quantifying ADR (Analysis of Secular Trenos) or Ecological studies |
Case series |
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Analysis of data from a single region and examines how it changes over time. Are useful to provide rapid evidence for drug hypothesis |
Case series |
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Compare cases with diseases to controls without diseases. |
Case cohort study |
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Useful for multiple possible causes of a single disease and uncommon dses Easier and faster to conduct and less expensive |
Case cohort study |
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Identify subsets of a defined population and follow them over time, looking for differences in their outcome |
Cohort study |
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Prospective (monitor over time) Useful to compare unexposed & exposed px Can study multiple common outcomes and uncommon exposures |
Cohort study |
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"Experimental study" |
Randomiz clinical trials |
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Investigator controls the therapy to be received by each participant |
Randomized Clinical trial |
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Most convincing design of study because there is experimentation of actual proof Most expensive type Artifcial design of study and most logistically difficult |
RCT |
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Randomized clin trials (longest) Prospective cohort study (forward time) Retrospective cohort study (back in time) Case control studies Analysis of secular trends Case series Case reports |
Heirarchy |
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Responsible for approval of new drugs and oversight of the marketing and sale of drugs already on the market |
Food and Drug Agency |
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Has jurisduction over drugs. Classifies drugs into 1 or 5 schedules depending on their drug abuse |
Drug Enforcement Agency |
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Stages of drug development |
Discovery/ Screening Pre-clinical research Clinical studies |
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Synthesis and purification Contain anima testing |
Pre clinical studies |
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(1-5yrs) Determine the safety and dosage of the drug |
Phase I |
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(2yrs) Evaluate the effectiveness of the drug and look for inside effects |
Phase II 100-500 px volunteer |
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(3-5yrs) Last experimental phase. Confirmation of effectiveness, monitor adverse effect, tajes the longest up to NDA review |
Phase III 1k to 5k px volunteer |
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(1-5yrs) Post marketing phase/ test. Surveys, sample testingPost approval inspection |
Phase IV |
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Converns of Phase IV |
Adverse Rxn Survaillance of product Defect reporting |
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Takes 12-15 years in the US only 5 out of 5000 for clinical testing would make into animal testing |
Remember |
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Study of desposition of a drug "What the body does to the drug" Action of body on the drug |
Pharmacokinetics |
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Main principles of Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion |
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Why do drugs fail? |
Because 39% pharamcokinetics of rxn of our body to the drugs |
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Importance of Pharamcokinetics |
*Toxic drugs can accumulate in the body *Useful drugs may have no benefit because doses are too small establish therapy *A drug can be rapidly mabolized |
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Drugs usually enter in this route |
Absortion |
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The rate of efficiency of absorption will differ depending on the route of administration |
Absorption |
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Outside the alimentary canal |
Parenteral |
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Involves esophagus, small and large intestin |
Enteral |
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Swallowed, maximum convinience slower and less absorbed then parenteral |
Oral |
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Metabolism of a significant of drug in the gut wall and liver before it reaches the blood stream |
1st pass effect |
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Permits direct absorption into the systemic veinous circulation thus avoiding 1st pass effect |
Sublingual |
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Thru rectum. Direct absorption depend on physical formulation |
Rectal |
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90% faster and complete absorption more painful |
Intramuscular injection |
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45% type of injection |
Subcutaneous |
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15% injection |
Intraderma |
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Rapid absorption because of large surface area in lungs |
Inhalation |
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Skin or mucous membrane of the nose, throat, airway or vagina for a local effect |
Topucal administration |
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Across the skin e.g. skin patches. Systemic effect lyophilic |
Transdermal |
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100% more dangerous bec directly administered in the systemic circulation |
Intravenous |
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Insude artery chemotherapy tumors |
Intra arterial |
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Inside heart left ventricle |
Intra cardiac |
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Subarachnoid space, injection may be applied lumbar space, spinal anaesthesia |
Intra thecal |
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Bone marrow |
Intra osseous |
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Pleural cavity, lung |
Intrapleural |
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Joint cavity, cortico steroid acute enteritis |
Intra articular |
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Peritoneal cavity |
Intra peritoneal |
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