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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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albedo
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b. Albedo – has to do with heat island affect; how much heat a surface conducts; ex: rooftops, roadways
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adaptive governance
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a. governance institutions for resolving collective action problems that occur between different types of resource users; ex: stakeholders to water and the policies that are made to mediate
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tragedy of the commons
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a. Article written by garret Hardin and published in Science in 1968 that describes how many individuals acting for self interest will destroy the group as a whole by using limited resources
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natural capital
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a. Environmental goods and services; ex: trees fish etc
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urbanization rates
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a. Percent of global pop in cities: ‘50’s: <30% 2000: 47% 2025: 60% world pop shifting to cities
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Pinchot vs Muir debate
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a. Pinchot – conservation; Muir – preservation
b. Pinchot thought consercation was best means of managing natural resources c. Muir calued nature for spiritual qualities d. Both opposed exploitation of natural resources |
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Brundtland definition
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a. Meeting the needs of the current generation without hurting future generation
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agenda 21
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a. Revealed at the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Earch Summit); 178 governments voted to adopt the program; plan of action globally nationally and locally to reduce effects we have on the environment
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impacts of global climate change
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a. Higher temperatures, changing landscapes, wildlife at risk, rising seas, increased risk of drought, fire and gloods, stronger storms, heat related illness and disease, economic losses
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sources of green house gas
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a. Burning fossil fuels and clearing of forests
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mitigation vs adaptation
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a. Mitigation – taking actions to reduce ecological harm
b. Adaptation – taking action to MINIMIZE effects of (ex: global warming) on us |
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overshoot
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a. The environmental load of humanity on the planet is greater than the long-term ability of the planet to support it
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urban heat islands
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a. Built up urban areas hotter than surrounding rural areas; affect community by increase peak energy, heat illness, water/air quality
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collaborative design
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working with the public to come up with workable ideas to keep culture
planning.org |
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biodiversity as a design standard
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Biodiversity promotes natural relationships which help sustain the ecological design, a diverse community is an advantage because it offers security
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perma-culture
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techniques and practices that combine the best of wildlife gardening, edible landscaping, and native-plant cultivation into one low-maintenance, self-contained and productive ecosystem
ex: edible gardening, keyhole gardening, companion planting, vertical gardening techniques, sheet mulching, solar greenhouses, and composting |
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gasoline emissions impacts
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19.5 pounds of CO2 created from burning one gallon of gasoline, which is about 8 pounds. Transportation accounts for 1/3 CO2 emissions in the United States
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LEED
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Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design; promotes environmental responsibility, economically profitable solutions, and healthy places to live/work
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Civano/Armory Park
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Tucson; use 50% less energy using solar panels and greywater harvesting; 2600 homes
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adaptive governance
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adjusting policies in government as certain situations change
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collaborative governance
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collaborative, flexible and learning-based issue management, factors of uncertainty
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canalscape
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project for Phoenix metro area; offers a sustainable and authentic desert urbanism that artfully intersperses metropolitan living throughout the majestic Sonoran landscape
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factors for sprawl development
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scattered/leapfrog development, low density, virtually no walkability, all auto-based, no mixed land uses, all uses seperate, almost exclusively a post war (freeway era and after) development phenomena. Residents of urban sprawl tend to live in single family homes and commute by automobile
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Curitiba
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1 of the most sustainable cities in the world; over 70% of pop uses mass transit; recycle 68% of trash;
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non renewable energy sources
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Natural resources that cannot be replaced as fast as they are consumed. These resources usually take thousands of years to form naturally,
ex: oil, coal, and uranium |
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demand management in water resources
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managing water usage to not exceed renewable yield;
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cultural economy
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ex in China (Shanghai, Foshan, Beijing): build up tourism, promote creativity to invent(not just produce)
*helps raise countries GDP |
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GHG emissions by sector
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1. Buildings 43% 2. Transportation 32% 3. Industry 25%
Cars and Trucks: 40% Aerosol Cans: 1% Commercial Buildings: 7% Power Plants: 19% Natural Causes: 15% Other: 8% Unsure/Refused: 10% Buildings = most transportation= 1/3 industry = 1/4 |
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energy consumption by source and sector
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Source (in quadrillion btu’s) Petroleum 40-natural gas 24-coal 23-nuclear electric power 8-biomass 4-hydroelectric power 2-geothermal, solar, wind 1 Sector (power mostly with petroleum, then natural gas and coal are close currently, then small usage of nuclear, even less hydro & biomass)
32% industrial, 29% transportation, 21% residential, 18% commercial ) |
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slow knowledge
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focuses on understanding information rather than much knowledge that is less understood and applicable
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generation mix of power plants in the US
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Coal = 51.2%
Nuclear 19.9% Natural gas = 16.4% Hydro = 7.1% Petroleum = 2.6% Non‐hydro renewables = 2.2% Petroleum – coke = 0.4% Other gas = 0.3% Other = 0.1% Pumped storage = ‐0.2% |
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peak demand and load factor in energy consumption
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Load Factor, Capacity Factor, Peak Demand
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capacity factor (peak demand and load factor in energy consumption)
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Average annual energy production/ Annual energy that can be realized from a source if operative 24 h per day, every day of the year; the higher, the better; most renewables have poor CF
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Load Factor (peak demand and load factor in energy production)
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Total energy used / ((peak power demand)*(time period));
an indicator of how steady an electrical load is over time; |
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Peak demand (peak demand and load factor in energy production)
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period in which electrical power is expected to be provided for a sustained period at a significantly higher than average supply level
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sources for renewable energy demand
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solar, bio-fuels, wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal
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contribution of energy sources to total US electrical energy capacity
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64.5% central station, genco or electric utilities
31% Independent power producers (peak power plants) 4.5 Industrial/ Commercial combined cycle |
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non attainment areas
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The Clean Air Act and Amendments of 1990 define a "nonattainment area" as a locality where air pollution levels persistently exceed National Ambient Air Quality Standards, or that contributes to ambient air quality in a nearby area that fails to meet standards; EPA usually declares a non attainment area after several years of not meeting quality standards
scorecard.org |
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resilience and uncertainty in water management
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Uncertainty in the growth rates and water usage rates because of rapid increase that do not follow the same trend or predicted amount; hydrologic cycle not stable so we must manage water resources to be resilient
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resilience
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The ability of a system to adapt to external and internal stress and remain functionally intact
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sailor article on urban heat islands
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caused by short wave radiation being absorbed by buildings etc; ratio of reflected to total incoming solar radiative heat flux is referred to as the albedo;
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trends in GHG's
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Temperature, CO2 concentrations, and our carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels and from the way that we are using land are all directly correlated
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green networks
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natural/semi-natural landscape managed to maintain ecological functions to conserve biodiversity
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5 key elements of green networks
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1. focus on conserving biodiversity at the ecosystem, landscape or regional scale.
2. maintaining or strengthening ecological coherence, primarily through providing for ecological interconnectivity. 3. Ensuring that critical areas are buffered from the effects of potentially damaging external activities. 4. Restoring where appropriate degraded ecosystems. 5. Promoting complementarity between land uses and biodiversity conservation objectives, and particularly by exploiting the potential biodiversity value of associated semi-natural landscapes. Urban Mosaic |
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Portland as #1 green city
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Half its power comes from renewable sources, a quarter of the workforce commutes by bike, carpool or public transportation, and it has 35 buildings certified by the U.S. Green Building Council.
aims to be a '20 min city' |
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Example of a resource conflict in the sustainability domain model
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"domain" means the three e's of sustainability; the Bennett-Freeze is example of this, but also could be the Pinchot vs Muir Debate or could be Spotted Owl vs. Loggers issue
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Urban form and sustainability
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urban fragmentation - city too big needs to be defragmented
in integral urbanism, we want to partner WITH nature/urban growth |
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5 S's of urbanism (urban form and sustainability)
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simplicity, slowness, sincerity, spirituality, sustainability
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new urbanism
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An urban design movement; promotes walkable neighborhoods that contain a range of housing and job types; arose in the U.S. in the early 1980s
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regenerative cities
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embrace the ecology of the landscape, rather than set themselves apart
emphasis on recycling and lowering carbon footprint |
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examples of green cities
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1. Portland
2. San Francisco 3. Seattle 4. Chicago 5. New York 6. Boston 7. Minneapolis 8. Philadelphia 9. Oakland 10. Baltimore 11. Denver 12. Milwaukee 13. Austin 14. Sacramento 15. Washington DC |
