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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the entire contents of the cell, except the nucleus, bounded by the plasma membrane.
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cytoplasm
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a protein that plays a role in the active or passive movement of specific substances through membranes.
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transport proteins
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of membranes, allowing some substances to cross and preventing others from crossing.
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selectively preamble
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a protein linked to a sugar or polysaccharide; component of receptor molecules on the outer surface of cells
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glycoproteins
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a lipid covalently linked to a sugar or polysaccharide; and important part of animal cell membranes
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glycolipids
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the movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area
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diffusion
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a difference in the concentration of a substance over a distance
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concentration gradient
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the movement of water (or another solvent) through a selectively permeable membrane from a solution with a lower concentration of solutes to one with a higher concentration of solutes
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osmosis
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a cell’s swelling against its cell wall caused by the pressure of the cell’s contents
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turgor
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the diffusion of a substance through a biological membrane
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passive transport
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the movement of a substance through a biological membrane against a concentration gradient
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active transport
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the spontaneous passage of molecules and ions, bound to specific carrier proteins, across a biological membrane down their concentration gradients
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facilitated diffusion
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the cellular uptake of materials in which the plasma membrane surrounds and engulfs extracellular materials
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endocytosis
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the release of macromolecules from a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane
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exocytosis
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air sacs in a lung
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alveoli
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the waxy outer layer covering the surfaces of most land-dwelling plants, animals, and fungi
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cuticle
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the opening between two guard cells in the epidermis of a plant leaf through which gases are exchanged with air
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stomates
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the loss of water to the atmosphere by a plant through the stomates in its leaves
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transpiration
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the tendency for an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environment by regulating its metabolism and adjusting to its environment
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homeostasis
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a toxic nitrogen compound (NH3) excreted by some aquatic organisms; thought to have been present in Earth’s early atmosphere
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ammonia
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the functional unit of a kidney consisting of a glomerulus, its associated capsule, and tubule, surrounded by capillaries
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nephrons
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an organ that regulates water and salt levels, filters water and wastes from the blood, and excretes the end products
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kidneys
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an organ that stores urine before it is discharged from the body through the urethra
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urinary system
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the solution of wastes excreted from the kidneys
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urine
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a muscular tube that carries urine from kidney to the urinary bladder
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urethra
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an organ that stores urine before it is discharged from the body through the urethra
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urinary bladder
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the tube through which urine travels from the bladder to the outside of the body
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urethra
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the cup of a nephron, which filters blood; also called Bowman’s capsule
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glomerular capsule
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a ball of capillaries surrounded by a glomerular capsule in the nephron; the site of filtration in the kidneys
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glomerulus
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a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland; helps regulate sodium and potassium concentrations and water balance
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aldosterone
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the regulation of the activity of an enzyme by one of its products
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feedback regulation
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a hormone released from the posterior lobe of the pituary (an endocrine gland in the brain); enhances conservation of water by the kidneys
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antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
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