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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Democritus |
Believed that everything was made up of tiny, invisible, and eternal particles called atoms. Legos; no immortal soul.
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Socrates
470-399 B.C. Athens, Greece (2) |
Had faith in human reason; believed that people were only happy when they acted according to their reason. He who knows right will do right. (because it will make them happy). Persecuted and killed.
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Plato
428-347 B. C. Athens, Greece (3) |
Student of Socrates. Established ‘The Academy’. Wrote Dialogues. Theory of ideas: the reality behind the material world which contains the eternal and immutable “patterns” behind the various phenomena we come across in nature.
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Aristotle
384-322 B.C Macedonia; Athens (4) |
Pupil of Plato’s. “Final” cause. Women=unfinished men. Categorized nature. Founded logic. Believed Plato’s world of ideas did not exist but that the eternal idea was really a concept- the idea of a horse that we have after seeing many of them. Learn know through the senses. “20 questions”.
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Jesus
0-33 AD Jerusalem, Israel (5) |
Taught his followers with parables. The concept of “remission of sins” is a radical departure from Greek philosophers(we cannot redeem ourselves).
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Augustine
354-430AD Carthage,North Africa (6) |
“Christianized’ Plato’s ideas. Wrote City of God. Tried to unite Greek and Jewish thought. Salvation comes only through the Church.
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Aquinas
1225-1274 Aquino, Italy (7) |
Reconciled Aristotle’s ideas to Christian thought; tried to show that reason and faith do not come into conflict. agreed with Aristotle about women: re: women are incomplete men
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Luther
1483-1546 Germany (8) |
Monk who broke from RC Church on issue of forgiveness thru priests. Translated the Bible into German. Only through the grace of God could mankind be ‘justified”.
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Erasmus
1466-1536 German (9) |
reformer monk who did not break with Church
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Hobbes
1588-1679 English (10) |
“Materialist. Believed that all phenomena, including man and animals, consist exclusively of particles of matter. Even human consciousness derives from the movement of tiny particles in the brain.”
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Descartes 1
596-1650 all over Europe (11) |
Dualism- thought and matter(extension). First significant system-builder. Concerned with certain knowledge (what we can know) and the mind/body relationship. “Cognito ergo sum”. (I think therefore I am).
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Spinoza
1632-1677 Jew from Amsterdam (12) |
thought Bible should be read critically. Believed God controlled all through natural laws and that He is the only one who is truly free. 'sub specie
aeternitatis' to see everything from the perspective of eternity. (how people can attain happiness.) |
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Locke
1632-1704 British (13) |
Empiricist. Wrote "Essay Concerning Human Understanding". divided the world into primary and secondary qualities. Natural rights apply to everyone. Existence of God knowable through reason. Advocated a division of power within government.
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Hume
1711-1776 English (14) |
Empiricist. Perception is made up of 'Impressions and "ideas'. Impression are how we experience the world, and ideas are what we recall of our impressions. Complex ideas (angel) Believed that God's existence was beyone himan reason. Described the "law of causation". Emphasized that the expectation of one thing following another does not lie in the things themselves, but in our mind.
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Berkeley
1685-1773 Irish (15) |
Irish Bishop. Empiricist. ‘All our ideas have a cause beyond our consciousness, but this cause is not of a material nature. It is spiritual. We exist only in God’s mind.
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Kant
1724-1804 East Prussia (16) |
believed certain factors in our minds influence our experience of the world: time, space, the law of causality. Some questions are beyone human reason and can be answered only through faith.
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Hegel
1770-1831 German (17) |
Mainly known for his method of understanding the progress of history. World spirit developing toward an ever expanding knowledge of itself, like a river becomes broader and broader as it goes toward the sea.
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Kierkegaard
1813-1855 Copenhagen (18) |
Founded existentialism, the philosophy that is concerned w/ each individual. No objective truth- everyone much attempt to discern what is tru for himself.Life's three stages: aesthetic, ethical and religious.
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Marx
1818-1883 German (19) |
Historical materialist. Believed that economic forces caused change in society. society = material bases and superstructure of culture. (Dialectical materialist). The natural resources of a society determine what the society will produce and what type of society it will be. Those who have control of the means of production determine society norms. And this is usually the ruling class.
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Darwin
1809-1882 English (20) |
wrote “ On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life” very controversial- contradicts the Creation story in the Bible.
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Freud
1856-1939 German |
Mind is made up of three parts: id,(our desire for pleasure) ego( regulates the id) and superego (societal morality that regulates everything we do). Superego in conflict w/ our desires = source of unease. Developed dream theory. After Freud the unconscious became very important for art and literature
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