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295 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Appellation D’ORIGINE CONTRÔLÉE (AOC) |
-Ensures authenticity of place and typicity of style
-Quality and appellation |
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Appellation D'Origine Controlee (AOC) was the first to be granted in what year?
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1936
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What are the four Appellation D'Origine Controlee (AOC) wine classifications?
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-Vin de Table
-Vin de Pays -Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure (VDQS) -Appellation d’Origine Côntrôlée |
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Why did the AOC change to Appellation D'Origine Protegee? |
fewer labels for all of Europe |
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What are the three Appellation d’Origine Protégée (AOP) levels?
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-Vin de France |
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What is the Vin de France?
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-former Vin de Table
-18% of all French wine -least restrictions -No place of origin specified/blend of regions allowed -Variety and vintage allowed |
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What is the IGP/ Vin de Pays?
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-35% of French wine
-fewer restrictions -3 zone levels: Regional (Pays d’Oc), Departmental, Local |
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What is the AOP? |
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What AOC/P specific criteria is regulated?
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• Geographical boundaries |
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Which grape varieties dominate Burgundy? |
Chardonnay Pinot Noir |
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Négociant?
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–Merchants who do not own the vineyard land but will buy grapes and/or finished wine for blending and bottling under their own label |
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Domaine?
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–The entire process from growing grapes to bottling and ageing the wine takes place at the Domaine itself
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red grapes grown in Burgundy |
Pinot Noir |
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white grapes grown in Burgundy |
Chardonnay |
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What is the climate of Burgundy
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Continental
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What type of soil is Burgundy
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Northern: Chalk and Clay/Marl
Southern: Granite |
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How is the AOC of Burgundy based
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–Based on terroir not château or brand
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AOC quality of Burgundy in %? |
Regional Appellations: 56%
Village: 30% Premier Cru: 12% Grand Cru: 2% |
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Where is the village of Chablis, Burgundy? |
Northeast |
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Where is Chablis and what is the primary grape? |
Northeast Burgundy Chardonnay |
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What are the four AOC for Chablis, Burgundy? |
Petit Chablis |
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What are the two sub regions of Cote D'or? |
Cote de Nuits
Cote de Beaune |
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Soil of Cote D'or?
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Limestone w/Marl,
best reds = marl dominated soil, best white limestone dominated |
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Cote de Nuits most famous for?
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Pinot Noir
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AOC Cote du Nuits?
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Marsannay
• Fixin • Gevrey–Chambertin • Morey–St–Denis • Chambolle–Musigny • Vougeot • Échézeaux • Vosne–Romanée • Nuits–St–Georges |
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Cote de Beaune AOCs?
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Aloxe–Corton
Beaune Pommard Volnay Mersault Chassagne–Montrachet Pernand–Vergelesses Monthélie Savigny–lès–Beaune St.–Aubin Santenay Auxey–Duresses Côte Chalonnaise |
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Cote Chalonnaise AOCs?
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Bouzeron
Rully Mercurey Givry Montagny |
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Macconaise AOCs?
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• Mâcon
(blanc, rosé and rouge) • Mâcon–Supérieur • Mâcon–Villages • St.–Véran • Pouilly–Fuissé, Loché, Vinzelles • Viré–Clessé |
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Beaujolais AOCs?
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• Beaujolais
• Beaujolais Nouveau • Beaujolais–Supérieur • Beaujolais–Villages (39) • Beaujolais Cru (10) |
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Classic varieties for champagne?
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Chardonnay
Pinot Noir Meunier |
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Other varieties used?
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Pinot Blanc
— Pinot Grigio — Muscat — Macabeo/Xarel–lo/Parellada — Riesling — Chenin Blanc — Shiraz |
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4 methods of champgne production?
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Classic— Méthode Champenoise
— Méthode Traditionnelle Transfer Method Charmat Method — Cuve Close Carbonation — Injection of CO2 gas into still wine |
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primary fermentation for champagnes and sparkling wines?
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• Grapes pressed quickly & gently to avoid color of skins and oxidation
• Base wines are light, low in alcohol and high in acidity • Primary fermentation in stainless steel or wood • Assemblage of the cuvée |
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What is the region Champagne's primary grape varieties?
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White: chardonnay
Black: Pinot noir, Pinot Meunier |
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Champagne regions styles of champagne?
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• Non–vintage (NV)
• Vintage • Rosé • Blanc de Blancs • Blanc de Noirs • Single vineyard (Clos) • Cuvée de Prestige/Tête de Cuvée |
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Dryness/sweetness levels in champagne?
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• Brut Zero: Bone Dry
• Brut: Dry • Extra Dry: Off–Dry • Sec: Semi–Sweet • Demi Sec: Sweet • Doux: Very Sweet |
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Formated champagne bottle sizes?
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• Magnum: 2
• Jeroboam: 4 • Rehoboam: 6 • Methuselah: 8 • Salmanazar: 12 • Balthazar: 16 • Nebuchadnezzar: 20 • Solomon: 24 • Primat: 36 |
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Regions of Champagne?
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• Montagne de Reims
• Vallée de la Marne • Côte de Blancs • Côte de Sézanne • Côte des Bars (Aube) 1996, 2002, 2004 |
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List some other sparkling wine producing countries?
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Italy, Spain (cava), USA (CA, WA, OR)
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What is the largest AOP region in France?
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Bordeaux
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What is Château?
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Estate under single ownership
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What is a courtier?
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middleman acting between the châteaux and the Bordeaux merchants; very little top
Bordeaux is sold directly |
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What does En Primeur Sales mean?
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Early release of wines for sale
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What are Bordeaux's primary white grape varieties?
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White: For Dry and Sweet Wines:
— Sémillon — Sauvignon Blanc — Muscadelle |
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What are Bordeaux's primary red grape varieties?
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Red:
— Cabernet Sauvignon — Merlot — Cabernet Franc — Malbec (Cot) — Petit Verdot |
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What is Bordeaux's soil and climate like?
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Meritime Climate
Soils — Médoc and northern Graves: gravel — St–Émilion: gravel over limestone — Pomerol: iron pan under sand and clay |
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What is Bordeaux's dominant AOC?
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MEDOC AOC
Vintages: 2000, 2005, 2009, 2010 |
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In what year was Bordeaux classified?
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–1855 Napoleon demanded Union de Bordeaux to classify the best wines
–61 properties in the Médoc plus one in Graves were ranked according to a château's reputation and trading price • Wines rated by price and categorized into first through fifth growths: — 1er Crus 5 — 2ème Crus 14 — 3ème Crus 14 — 4ème Crus 10 — 5ème Crus 18 |
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List of MEDOC AOC first growths
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Médoc First Growths
• Château Lafite–Rothschild • Château Latour • Château Mouton–Rothschild • Château Margaux • Château Haut–Brion (Graves) |
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List of other dominant Bordeaux AOC's
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Northern Bordeaux: Haut–Medoc AOC, Saint Estephe AOC, Pauilac AOC, Saint– Julien AOC, Listrac & Moulis AOC, Margaux AOC
Southern Bordeaux: Graves & Pessac–Leognan, Sauternes |
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What is Botrytis Cinera– Pourriture Noble?
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Fungus that develops under humid conditions
–Dehydrates grapes –Concentrates sugars –honey, mushroom flavor profile |
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Where is Saint Emilion AOC located?
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East of Bordeaux, Southern France
• Move to Merlot and Cabernet Franc dominated wines • Soils vary greatly • Excellent wine for the money • Saint–Émilion & Saint–Émilion Grand Cru AOC |
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What are the 3 tier classification, created in 1954, of Saint EMilion AOC?
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Premier Grand Cru Classe A, Premier Grand Cru Classe B, Grand Cru Classe
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Where is Pomerol AOC located, and what is it known for?
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North of Saint Emilion AOC:
AOP for red wines only, typically 75% Merlot and 25% Cabernet Franc • Small properties with limited production • Move to Merlot dominated wines • Iron Pan and Clay Soils • Five square miles |
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Where is Bourg & Blaye located?
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Along the Girande River, Central France
• Climate: Higher rainfall than in the Médoc • Grapes: Bordeaux varieties and other inferior grapes • Vineyards: Oldest vineyards in Bordeaux • As of 2008 vintage: new appellation called |
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Where is Rhone Valley located?
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South of Burgundy, Eastern France
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What are the red primary varieties of Northern Rhone?
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Syrah
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What are the white primary varieties of Southern Rhone?
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Viognier, Roussanne, Marsanne
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What is the climate and soil of Northern Rhone Valley?
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Continental, Les Mistral Winds
Steep slopes with granite soils, heavier clay oriented soils in St. Joseph and Crozes Hermitage |
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Why is the Rhone River a major geographical feature?
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moderates temperature and reflects light
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List of Northern Rhone Valley AOCs and their characteristics
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• Côte–Rôtie, Condrieu, Château–Grillet, St–Joseph, Crozes–Hermitage, Hermitage:St–Péray:
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Primary white varieties of Southern Rhone Valley?
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— Roussanne
— Clairette — Piquepoul Blanc — Bourboulenc — Picardan — Grenache Blanc |
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Primary red varieties of Southern Rhone Valley?
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Syrah, Grenache, Mourvedre, Cinsault, Counoise, Terret Noir, Vaccarese, Muscardin
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What is the climate, soil, and vineyards like of Southern Rhone Valley?
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Mediterranean with Mistral (north) and Sirocco (south) winds
— Alluvial (loose) clays in Gigondas to alluvial deposits and river rock stones (galets) in Châteauneuf–du–Pape –Vineyards planted on flat valley floor |
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List of Southern Rhone Valley Appellations
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Côtes–du–Rhône
Côtes du Rhône–Villages Châteauneuf–du–Pape Gigondas Vacqueyras |
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What is Provence commonly known for?
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quality rosé
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What is France's largest, lesser quality producing wine regions?
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Languedoc and Roussilon (750,000 acres)
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Where is Languedoc and Rouissillon located?
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Southeast border of France
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Primary white varieties of Languedoc and Roussilon?
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–Grenche Blanc
–Clairette –Piquepol Blanc –Bourboulenc –Mauzac |
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Primary red varieties of Languedoc and Roussilon?
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— Cinsault
— Grenache — Carignan (most planted) — Syrah — Mourvèdre — Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc |
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Climate and soil of Languedoc and Roussilon?
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Mediterranean with Sirocco (southerly) winds
— Soils vary from chalk/limestone/gravel inland to alluvial near coast |
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List of Roussilon AOCs
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• Côtes du Roussillon
• Côtes du Roussillon–Villages • Collioure/Banyuls |
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List of Languedoc AOCs
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• Languedoc•
Minervois • Faugères • Corbières • Saint–Chinian |
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What are two special wines produced using brandy (distilled wine) in Roussilon and Languedoc?
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Vin Doux Naturel
• Produced by adding distillate to fermenting must • Wines are fortified typically to 15–16% alcohol by volume • Examples: • Muscat de Beaumes de Venise from the Southern Rhône • Banyuls from the Roussillon Vin de Liqueur • Produced by adding distillate to unfermented must • The distillate is a local brandy and the must is grape juice from local grapes |
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Where is Loire Valley located in France?
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Central France, East of Burgundy
Highly regarded vintages: 2004, 2004 |
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Primary white varieties of Loire Valley?
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Chenin Blanc
Melon de Bourgogne (Muscadet) Sauvignon blanc |
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Primary red varieties of Loire Valley?
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Cabernet Franc
Pinot Noir Gamay |
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List AOCs from Loire Valley's region, Pays Nantais?
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Muscadet Sèvre et Maine AOC
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List of AOCs from Loire Valley's region, Anjou–Saumur
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Anjou
Rosé d’Anjou and Cabernet d’Anjou Anjou–Villages Anjou: Savennières Anjou: Layon Valley AOCs: Coteaux du Layon AOC’s — Bonnezeaux — Quarts de Chaume (Grand Cru) — Coteaux du Layon |
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List of AOCs from Loire Valley's region, Saumur
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Samur, Cremant de Loire, Saumur Champigny
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List of AOCS from Loire Valley's region, Touraine
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Vouvray, Montlouis–sur–Loire, Chinon, Bourgueil & St. Nicolas de Bourgueil
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List of AOCs from Loire Valely's region, Central Vineyards
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Sancerre, Pouilly Fume, Menetou–Salon, Quincy, Reuilly,
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Where is Alsace located in France
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Eastern France border, west of Germany's Rhein River
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Styles of wines produced in Alsace?
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– Concentrated, full–bodied, white wines
– Purity of fruit and terroir – New oak rarely used – Wines labeled by grape variety – Must be 100% of labeled grape |
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Primary grape varieties of Alsace?
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Noble Varieties:
–Riesling –Gewurtzraminer –Muscat –Pinot Gris Other Varieties – Pinot Blanc – Auxerrois – Sylvaner – Chasselas – Chardonnay – Pinot Noir |
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Climate and geography of Alsace, France?
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Continental
– Vosges Mountains (west) – Rhine River (east) *Soils diverse |
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Appellations of Alsace?
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Alsace AOC (1962)
Alsace Grand Cru AOC (1983) Crémant d’Alsace AOC (1976) |
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What does Edelzwicker/Gentil mean?
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blended wines
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Highly regarde vintages of Alsace?
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2005, 2007, 2008
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Primary white varieties of Australia?
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— Chardonnay
— Sauvignon Blanc — Riesling — Semillon — Muscat — Chenin Blanc — Verdelho — Viognier |
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Primary red variteies of Australia?
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— Shiraz
— Cabernet Sauvignon — Grenache — Pinot Noir — Merlot |
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What is the Label Integrity Program (LIP)?
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• Guarantees all claims made on label (vintage, variety, region, etc.)
• 85% for vintage, variety and origin |
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What are the wine producing states of Australia?
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— New South Wales
— Victoria — Tasmania — South Australia — Western Australia — Northern Territory — Queensland |
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What is the South Eastern Australia super zone?
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• Largest GI
• Crucial to the industry’s philosophy of blending |
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How does the Geographical Indication (GI) work?
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• Australia: most general designation. 100% of the grapes must originate in Australia
• South–Eastern Australia Super Zone: enormous appellation covering most production areas • State of Origin: next most specific category • Zones: Large area of production within a state • Regions: Smaller area within a Zone • Sub–regions: Even smaller appellations within a Region |
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New South Wales climate, soil, primary grape varieties
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Established late 1870s, hot and humid, alluvial, red clay, sand, clay
white grape: semillion, chardonnay, riesling red grape: shiraz |
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Victoria climate, soil, grape varieties?
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Cool Maritime, alluvial, volcanic, granite, clay, sand
white grape: chardonnay, riesling, muscat black grape: Pinot Noir, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc & others |
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South Australia climate, soil, grapes?
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• Produces 55% of Australia’s wine
• Climate: Cool southern to warm northern inland, altitude can moderate temperatures in hilly areas • Soils: Limestone, clay, loams\ • Grapes: Shiraz |
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Western Australia climate, soil, grapes?
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• Vineyards established 1829
• Climate: Warm maritime, ocean breezes, irrigation necessary • Soils: Gravel and sand over clay • White Grapes: — Chardonnay — Riesling • Red Grapes: — Cabernet Sauvignon — Shiraz — Merlot — Cabernet Franc |
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Tasmania climate, soil, grapes?
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• Sparkling wine industry important
• Climate: Cool maritime, high humidity, windy (east–facing slopes) • Soils: Volcanic, red basalt, low fertility • White: Chardonnay and aromatic varieties Gewurztraminer, Riesling • Red: Pinot noir |
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Primary white varietals of New Zealand?
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— Sauvignon Blanc
— Chardonnay — Riesling — Gewürztraminer — Müller–Thurgau |
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Primary red varietals of New Zealand
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— Pinot Noir
— Cabernet Sauvignon — Merlot — Syrah |
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What is the climate, soil, grape of North Island, New Zealand
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Cool (South), Warm (North) maritime, alluvial
sandstone, some limestone, schist, clay and chalk, • White Grapes: — Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Aromatic varieties • Red Grapes: — Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Syrah |
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List of North Island, Australia regions
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Hawkes Bay, Auckland, Waikoto, Gisbourne, Wairarapa
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South Island climate, soil, grapes?
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Cool maritime, volcanic and gravel alluvial sandstone soil,
• White Grapes: — Sauvignon Blanc — Chardonnay — Riesling — Pinot Gris • Red Grapes: — Pinot Noir — Syrah |
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List of South Island regions
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Marlborough (most important), Central Otago, Canterbury, Nelson
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Primary white grape varieites of South Africa
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— Chenin Blanc (Steen)
— Colombar(d) — Sauvignon Blanc — Chardonnay — Muscat of Alexandria (Hanepoot) |
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Primary red grape varieties of South Africa
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— Pinotage (Pinot Noir X Cinsault)
— Cabernet Sauvignon — Syrah (Shiraz) — Merlot — Cinsault (Hermitage) — Pinot Noir |
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What is South Africa's climate and soil?
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maritime (coastal), Mediterranean (inland),
— Ancient and diverse – clay, granite, sandstone |
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What is the Wine of Origin system in South Africa?
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• Introduced in 1973
• 100% of the grapes from named appellation • Vintage must be 85% of stated year • Varietal must be 85% |
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What is the classifications for the WO?
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• WO System divides geographical areas into:
• Geographical Units • Regions • Districts • Wards • Estates • Single Vineyards |
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Name the six regions of South Africa?
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Coastal*, Boberg, Breede River Valley, Olifants River, Klein Karoo, Cape South Coast
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Which region is the main production in South Africa?
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Coastal
–Constantia Ward – Constantia Estate |
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What is the American Viticutural Area Laws (AVA) do?
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• All beverage alcohol laws are under the jurisdiction of the Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB)
• AVA defined as “delimited grape growing area” • No quality regulations or tasting panels • Refers only to geographic location • Guidelines finalized in 1978 became mandatory in 1983 |
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Primary red grape varietials of California?
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— Cabernet Sauvignon
— Merlot — Pinot Noir — Zinfandel — Syrah — Grenache — And many more…… |
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Primary white grape varietials of California?
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— Chardonnay
— Sauvignon Blanc — Riesling — Gewurztraminer — Viognier — Thompson’s Seedless |
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Major regions of California?
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• North Coast AVA
— Napa County — Sonoma County — Mendocino County — Lake County — Marin County — Solano County • Central Coast AVA (10 counties from Santa Cruz to Santa Barbara) • Sierra Foothills AVA • Central Valley (south to Clarksburg and Lodi) • South Coast AVA (Santa Ynez to San Diego) |
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What is the climate of Napa Valley, CA?
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Wide range of climates and mesoclimates, mostly Mediterranean with some maritime influence in the south
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What time of soil is in Napa Valley?
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— Volcanic, alluvial, gravel loams to the north
— More alluvial, clay in the south |
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List of some AVAs in Napa Valley?
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• Los Carneros
• Wild Horse Valley • Oak Knoll District of Napa Valley • Yountville • Stags Leap District • Mount Veeder • Oakville • Rutherford • Atlas Peak • Spring Mountain District • Chiles Valley District • Howell Mountain • Diamond Mountain District • Calistoga • St. Helena • (new) Coombsville |
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Highly regarded vintages of Napa Valley?
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1999, 2001, 2005, 2007
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Climate of Sonoma Valley?
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— Marine influence an important factor
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List of some AVAs in Sonoma Valley?
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• Los Carneros
• Sonoma Mountain • Bennett Valley • Alexander Valley • Green Valley of Russian River Valley • Chalk Hill • Knights Valley • Russian River Valley • Sonoma Coast • Rockpile • Dry Creek Valley • Northern Sonoma • Sonoma Valley • (new) Fort Ross–Seaview • (new) Pine Mountain–Cloverdale Peak • (new) Moon Mountain |
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List of other dominant wine regions in CA?
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Mendocino County, Lake County, Central Coast, San Fran Bay Area, San Benito County, Monterey County, Paso Robles, Edna Valley, Santa Barbara
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Primary white varietials of Oregon?
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— Pinot Gris
— Riesling — Chardonnay |
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Primary red varietials of Oregon?
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Pinot Noir
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What is the soil and climate of Oregon?
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Variety, volcanic, alluvial, clay
Cool, wet maritime influenced (west of Cascade Mountains) |
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List of Oregon AVAs
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• Southern Oregon Super AVA
— Rogue Valley — Applegate Valley — Umpqua Valley — Red Hills Douglas County • Snake River (w/ Idaho) • Columbia River (w/ Washington) • Walla Walla Valley (w/ Washington) • Columbia Gorge (w/ Washington) • Willamette Valley (and its Sub–AVA’s) |
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Primary white grape varietials of Washington State?
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— Riesling
— Chardonnay |
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Primary red grape varietials of Washington State?
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— Cabernet Sauvignon
— Merlot — Syrah |
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What is the soil and climate of Washington State?
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Basalt, alluvial, loess
Semi–continental desert climate requiring irrigation |
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List of Washington State AVAs
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• Columbia Valley (w/ Oregon)
• Yakima Valley • Walla Walla Valley (w/ Oregon) • Red Mountain • (new) Naches Heights • (new) Ancient Lakes of Columbia Valley • Horse Heaven Hills • Columbia Gorge (w/ Oregon) • Wahluke Slope • Snipes Mountain • Lake Chelan • Puget Sound |
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What is America's oldest wine industry?
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New York State
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What kinds of grape varietials are grown in NY?
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labrusca and hybrids main
Riesling and Cabernet Franc |
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List of NY Apellations–AVAs?
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• The Hamptons, Long Island
• North Fork of Long Island • Long Island • Hudson River Region • Seneca Lake • Cayuga Lake • Finger Lakes • Lake Erie (w/ Pennsylvania and Ohio) • Niagara Escarpment |
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What are the current Italian Wine Classifications?
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Vino da Tavola, Idicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT), DOC, DOCG
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When was the DOC created?
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1963
Over 380 DOCs and counting... |
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When was the DOCG created?
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1984
73 and counting... |
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What are Gloria Laws?
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• Named after Agricultural Minister Giovanni Goria
• Enacted in 1992 to address shortcomings of the DOC system (Vino da Tavola Revolt) • Introduction of the IGT — Indicazione Geografica Tipica — Producers can petition for DOC status using the IGT designation as a springboard • “Normale” vs. “Riserva” terminology tightened and some marginal vineyard zones eliminated • Did not address yield issue |
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What are the 2 broad wine classifications for Italy?
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Wines Without Origin:
• Former VDT wines, Generic (Bianco/Rosso/Rosato) • Varietal Wines with/without vintage Wines With Origin: • IGP (includes IGT level wines) • DOP (includes DOC/DOCG level wines) |
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Primary white grape varietials of Northern Italy's Piedmont/Piemonte?
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— Cortese
— Moscato — Arneis — Chardonnay |
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Primary red grape varietials of Northern Italy Piedmont/Piemonte?
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— Nebbiolo
— Barbera — Dolcetto — Brachetto |
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What is Northern Italy's Piedmont/Piemonte climate and soil?
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Continental with rain shadow effect
various soil types, calcereous marl and sandstone |
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List of Important DOCG's in Piedmont?
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• Barolo
• Barbaresco • Gattinara • Asti • Moscato d’Asti • Barbera d’Asti • Barbera del Monferrato Superiore • Gavi • Roero (Arneis & Nebbiolo) |
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What is the climate and grape of Barolo DOCG?
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Continental, nebbia= frequent fog during October harvest
100% Nebbiolo |
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What is the grape of Barbaresco DOCG?
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100% Nebbiolo, light soils= elegant wines
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Highly regarded vintages of Piedmont?
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• Mostly applies to Barbaresco and Barolo, but Barbera based wines generally follow
• 2001, 2004 considered excellent “classic” years • 2000 considered great “ripe” year • 2002 considered poor vintage |
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What is one of Italy's most important regions?
|
Lombardy, over 25 million cases produced annually, 20% DOC quality
|
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Primary white and red grape varietials of Lombardy?
|
White:
— Chardonnay — Pinot Grigio — Pinot Bianco — Lugana (Trebbiano) — Moscato • Red: — Nebbiolo (Chiavennasca) — Pinot Nero |
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Important DOCGs of Lombardy?
|
• Franciacorta DOCG
— Quality Metodo Classico sparkling wines • Valtellina Superiore DOCG — Nebbiolo–based reds • Sforzato di Valtellina DOCG • Oltrepò Pavese Classico |
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List of Northern Italy's important regions
|
Piedmont, Lombardy, Trentino–Alto Adige, Veneto
|
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What are imporant DOCGs of the Veneto region, Northern Italy?
|
• Amarone della Valpolicella/Recioto della Valpolicella
• Prosecco di: Conegliano, Valdobbiadene, Colli Asolani • Soave: Superiore, Superiore Classico, Recioto di Soave • Bardolino Superiore • Recioto di Gambellara |
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Primary white varietials of Central Italy?
|
— Trebbiano Toscano
— Vernaccia — Malvasia |
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Primary red varietials of Central Italy?
|
— Sangiovese
• And its synonyms: Prugnolo Gentile, Brunello & Morellino — Canaiolo — Syrah — Cabernet Sauvignon/Merlot |
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What is the climate and soil of Central Italy?
|
Mediterranean inland with Maritime (wind) influence coastal
Sand, limestone, clay, volcanic, marl, schist |
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List of imporatnt DOCGs of Central Italy?
|
• Chianti
• Chianti Classico (most strict) • Vino Nobile di Montepulciano • Brunello di Montalcino • Morellino di Scansano • Vernaccia di San Gimignano |
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What are three important producers in Central Italy?
|
• Brunello di Montalcino
• Chianti Classico • Coastal |
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Highyl regarded Central Italian vintages?
|
• Brunello di Montalcino: 1999, 2004, 2007
• Chianti Classico: 2001, 2007 |
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Which region is Rome in?
|
Latium/ Lazio
• Cesanese del Piglio Rosso/Reserva DOCG |
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Primary grape varietials of Latium/ Lazio?
|
White:
— Trebbiano Toscano — Malvasia Red: — Sangiovese — Montepulciano |
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Imporatnt Appellations of Umbria, Central Italy?
|
— Torgiano Riserva DOCG
— Sagrantino di Montefalco DOCG — Orvieto DOC |
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Primary grape varietials of Umbria?
|
White: — Trebbiano Toscano (Procanico), Grechetto
Red:— Sangiovese, Sagrantino, Canaiolo |
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Primary grape varietials of Marches/Marche, Central Italy?
|
White: Verdicchio, Trebbiano, Pecorino, Malvasia
Red: Montepulciano, Sangiovese |
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Important Appellations of Marche, Central Italy?
|
— Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi DOCG
— Verdicchio di Matelica DOCG — Vernaccia di Serrapetrona DOCG — Conero Riserva DOCG — Rosso Conero DOC — Rosso Piceno DOC |
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Primary grape varietials of Abruzzi/Abruzzo, Central Italy?
|
White: Trebbiano d’Abruzzo, Trebbiano Toscano, Malvasia
Red: Montepulciano |
|
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Imporant Apellations of Abruzzi/ Abruzzo?
|
• Montepulciano d’Abruzzo Colline Teramane DOCG
• Montepulciano d’Abruzzo DOC • Trebbiano d’Abruzzo DOC |
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Primary grape varietials of Campania, Southern Italy?
|
White:
— Falanghina — Fiano — Greco Red: — Aglianico — Piedirosso |
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Important Apellations of Campania?
|
— Fiano di Avellino DOCG
— Greco di Tufo DOCG — Taurasi DOCG (Aglianico) — Aglianico del Taburno DOCG |
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What is one of Italy's largest producing regions (Southern Italy)?
|
Apulia/ Puglia
|
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Primary grape varietials of Apulia/ Puglia
|
Red:
— Montepulciano — Negro Amaro — Primitivo — Malvasia Nera |
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Important Appellations of Apulia?
|
— DOCG Castel del Monte Rosso
Riserva — Brindisi — Salice Salentino — Primitivo di Manduria |
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Primary grape varietials of Sicily?
|
White:
— Grillo — Catarratto — Inzolia (Ansonica) Red: — Nero d’Avola — Nerello Mascalese — Frappato |
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|
Important Sicilian Appellations?
|
• Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG: from vineyards in the southeast;
— Light colored red wine — Blend of Nero d’Avola (50–70%) and Frappatto (30–50%) • Marsala DOC: fortified wines both dry and sweet that dates back to the 18th century; — Made from a blend of white grapes including Catarratto, Inzolia, and Grillo • Etna DOC: full–bodied reds from vineyards on the slopes of Mt. Etna; — Red grapes: Nerello Mascalese and Nerello Cappuccio — White grapes: Carricante |
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Primary grape varietials of Sardinia/Sardegna
|
White:
— Vermentino — Vernaccia — Nuragus Red: — Cannonau — Carignano |
|
|
Imporant Appellations of Sardinia?
|
Vermentino di Gallura DOCG
|
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Primary white varietials of Germany?
|
— Riesling
— Müller–Thurgau — Silvaner — Scheurebe — Weissburgunder • Pinot Blanc — Grauburgunder • Pinot Gris |
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|
Primary red varietials of Germany?
|
— Spätburgunder (Pinot Noir)
— Dornfelder — Portugieser |
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|
What are the four wine classificaitons of Germany?
|
Deustcher Wein (table), Landwein (regional), Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete (QbA), Qualitätswein mit Prädikat (Prädikatswein)
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|
|
What are the six classifications or levels of the Pradikate?
|
• Kabinett
• Spätlese • Auslese • Beerenauslese (BA) • Eiswein • Trockenbeerenauslese (TBA) |
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What does einzellage mean?
|
Single vineyard (2,715)
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What does grosslage mean?
|
collection of vineyards (163)
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What does bereich mean?
|
district of villages & vineyards (34)
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What does anbaugebiet mean?
|
a major growing region (13)
|
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What is the dominant grape, climate, highly regarded vintages, and soil of Mosel Valley: Middle Mosel
|
Rieseling, Continental, Slate soils
• 2001, 2005, 2007 |
|
|
Primary grape varietials of Rheingau?
|
• Riesling
• Spätburgunder (Pinot Noir) |
|
|
Primary white grape varietials of Rheinhessen?
|
• Müller–Thurgau
• Silvaner • Riesling • Scheurebe |
|
|
Primary grape varietials of Pfalz?
|
Warmer climate
— Riesling — Scheurebe — Grauburgunder — Weissburgunder — Spätburgunder (Pinot Noir) |
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|
Other notable Anbaugebieten
|
Ahr Valley, Nahe, Franken (Franconia)
|
|
|
Primary white grape varietials of Austria?
|
— Grüner Veltliner
— Riesling — Sauvignon Blanc — Weissburgunder — Grauburgunder — Scheurebe |
|
|
Primary red grape varietials of Austria?
|
— Zweigelt
— Blaufränkisch (Lemberger) — St. Laurent — Blauburgunder (Pinot Noir) — Blauer Portugieser — Cabernet Sauvignon |
|
|
Name 3 wine classifications for Austria?
|
• Wein
• Landwein • Qualitätswein — Kabinett — Spätlese — Auslese — Beerenauslese — Ausbruch — Trockenbeerenauslese — DAC dry wines |
|
|
What are the 3 Wachau dry wines?
|
Steinfeder: 11.5% maximum alcohol
Federspiel: 11.5–12.5% alcohol Smaragd: 12.5% minimum alcohol |
|
|
What are the major Austrian regions?
|
Wachau
— Steep vineyards facing the Danube river — Outstanding Riesling and Grüner Veltliner Kamptal Kremstal Wagram Burgenland — Neusiedlersee Steiermark (Styria) Wien (Vienna): Heurigen |
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|
What is Tokaj, Hungary known for?
|
botrytis dessert wines
|
|
|
Primary grape varietials of Tokaj?
|
— Furmint
— Hárslevelü — Sárga Muskotály (Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains) — Zéta |
|
|
Primary white varietials of Greece?
|
— Assyrtiko (A seer’ tee ko): originally Santorini but now throughout Greece
— Roditis (Ro dee’ tees): Attica, Macedonia, Thessaly and Peloponnese — Moschofilero (Mos ko fee’ le ro): Mantinia in Peloponnese — White Muscat: Samos, Patra and Rio of Patra — Savatiano: Used in Retsina production |
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|
Primary red varietials of Greece?
|
— Xynomavro (Ksee no’ ma vro): translates as “sour black.” The predominant grape in
Macedonia — Agiorgitiko (Ah yor yee’ ti ko): or “St. George” – PDO region Nemea in the Peloponnese — International varieties |
|
|
What are the major wine producing regions of Greece?
|
Macedonia, Peloponnese, Islands, Aegean Islands
|
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|
What is the third largest world producer?
|
Spain
|
|
|
Primary white varietials of Spain?
|
White:
|
|
|
Primary red varietials of Spain?
|
— Tempranillo (Tinto Fino)
— Cariñena — Garnacha — Cabernet Sauvignon — Mencia — Monastrell |
|
|
What is the climate and soil of Spain?
|
Dramatic ranges from maritime to continental to Mediterranean
Range includes chalk, sand, quartzite, slate, clay |
|
|
What is the 3 wine classifications for Spain?
|
Table wines
–vino, IGP wines –VdlT, DOP wines |
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|
What are the four classifications under the DOP wines?
|
— Vinos de Calidad con Indicación Geográfica (VCIG): similar to former French VDQS
— Denominación de Origen (DO): similar to French AOC – each district has its own Consejo Regulador to monitor quality — DO Vinos de Pagos: single estates only – currently 11 estates in this category — Denominación de Origen Calificada (DOCa, DOQ): • 1991 – Rioja • 2009 – Priorat |
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|
Aging terms for Spain?
|
Crianza, Reserva, Gran Reserva
For aging in barrel or bottle — Noble: 18 months — Añejo: 24 months — Viejo: 36 months, wines must show oxidative character |
|
|
What are the five sub zones for Galicia: Rías Baixas DO, Northwest Spain?
|
— Val do Salnés
— O Rosal — Condado do Tea — Soutomaior — Ribeira do Ulla |
|
|
Name the regions of North Central Spain: Castilla y Leon?
|
Ribera del Duero DO
Rioja DOCa –Sub Zones • Rioja Alavesa • Rioja Alta • Rioja Baja |
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|
Name the Red Rioja quality levels
|
• Vino Joven – no aging requirements
• Crianza – one year minimum in barrels, two years total • Reserva – one year in barrels, three years total • Gran Reserva – two years in barrels, five years total • Different aging requirements for white and rosé Rioja |
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|
What is Navarra tradionally known for?
|
rose wines
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What is Tarragona: Penedes known for?
|
Cava production
• Three traditional white varieties: Parellada, Xarel–lo, Macabeo • Three red varieties: Garnacha, Monastrell, Ull de Llebre |
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|
Name the climate, soil, and grape varietials of Catalonia, Northeast Spain
|
• Rugged mountainous region
• Climate: Dry and temperate • Soil: Stony schistous “llicorella” • Grape varietals — Garnacha — Cariñena — Cabernet — Syrah |
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|
Most important DO of Castilla: La Mancha, South Spain?
|
Valdepenas
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|
What is the wine of Jerez, Spain?
|
Sherry
|
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|
Grape varieties of Sherry style wines?
|
Palomino: 95%
Pedro Ximenez & Moscatel: sweetening blends, adding color & varietal sweet wines |
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|
Soil types for Sherry style wines?
|
Albariza: chalk – best for fino
Barros: clay – best for oloroso styles Arenas: Sand – best for Moscatel |
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|
Vinification of Sherry
|
• Harvest in late August
— Palomino grapes pressed immediately — Pedro Ximénez grapes sun dried (Soleo) for use in sweetening agents • Fortification with neutral grape spirit • Finos fortified to 15.5% and Olorosos to 17% |
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|
Flor: Saccharomyces– Sherry
|
• Grows on the surface of casks with between 14.5% –15.5% alcohol
• Lives off nutrients and volatile acidity in the wine and helps retain color • Requires specific temperature and moisture conditions to grow • Grows in spring and fall and year round in coastal areas |
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|
What is the Solera system for Sherry style wine?
|
• A method of fractional blending: old wine is periodically refreshed with younger wine to ensure
consistency • Wine is taken from a cask in one criadera & blended into a cask from the next |
|
|
The four biological styles for Sherry (under Flor)
|
• Fino: the lightest most delicate style of Sherry fortified to 15.5%
• Manzanilla: a delicate style of Fino aged only in the coastal town of Sanlúcar de Barrameda • Amontillado: a Fino that has been left in cask for additional aging and develops a rich, nutty character. • Palo Cortado: a dry style that has characteristics of both Fino/Amontillado and Oloroso — Palo Cortados develop limited flor |
|
|
Shery Oxidative styles
|
• No flor development and aged oxidatively. Includes Oloroso and Cream Style sherries
• Oloroso: — Rich style fortified to 17% and usually aged longer. — True Olorosos are dry, but some are sweetened and sold as Cream Sherries • Palo Cortado: — A dry style that has characteristics |
|
|
Four original quality styles of Portugal
|
• Vinho de Mesa
— Table wines • Vinho Regional (VR) — Equivalent to Vin de Pays • Indicação de Proveniencia Regulamentada (IPR) • Denominação de Origem Controlada (DOC) — Approved quality wine areas |
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|
Two new quality styles of Portugal
|
Denominação de Origem Protegida (DOP)
— Former DOCs — Former IPRs — Regulates style, maximum yields, minimum alcohol and aging requirements • Indicaçao Geogràfica Protegida (IG or IGP) — Former VR’s — 85% of grapes must be grown in stated region/min. alcohol by volume requirements apply |
|
|
Primary white varietals of Portugal
|
— Trajadura
— Loureiro — Alvarinho — Gouveio — Encruzado — Fernão Pires (Syn. Maria Gomes) — Arinto — Bical |
|
|
Primary red varietals of Portugal
|
— Touriga Nacional
— Tinto Roriz — Aragonez — Baga — Ramisco — Trincadeira — Castelão |
|
|
Important DOC regions of Portugal
|
— Vinho Verde
— Dão — Bairrada — Porto & Douro — Alentejo — Madeira |
|
|
Vinho Verde DOC, Northern Portugal
|
• Red, white and rosé wines produced in the Minho
province with nine sub–districts • Whites are typically carbonated • Best white wines based on — Trajadura — Loureiro — Arinto |
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|
Douro DOC, Northern Portugal
|
• Same area of production as Port
• Only a certain percentage of all grapes grown may be used for Port production • Region achieved DOC status for table wines in 1982 • Barca Velha the region’s first exceptional dry, table wine • Grapes: Touriga Nacional, Tinta Roriz, Tinta Barroca and more |
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|
Dao DOC, Northern Portugal
|
Terraced vineyards on granite slopes
• 90% red – 10% white wines • 18 approved grape varieties • “Nobre” red wines must be a minimum of 15% Touriga Nacional • Arinto and Encruzado are predominant white grapes |
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Bairrada DOC, Northern Portugal
|
• Clay–based soils with chalk
• Sparkling wines from Maria Gomes and Bical • Red wines must contain minimum of 50% Baga grape (normally 80%) • Maria Gomes predominant white grape |
|
|
Name the regions of Southern Portugal
|
• Lisboa: nine DOCs
— Formerly Estramadura — Atlantic–influenced climate • Alentejo: eight sub–regions — White wines–chalk soils — Castelão grape • Colares — Ramisco grape — Ungrafted vines grown in sand • Algarve — Red and white wines from 4 DOs |
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|
Portugal white grapes & their DOCs
|
• Vinho Verde: Trajadura, Loureiro, Alvarinho
• Douro: Gouveio • Dão: Encruzado • Bairrada/Tejo/Bucelas/ Alentejo: Arinto, Fernão Pires (syn. Maria Gomes) and Arinto |
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|
Portugal red grapes & their DOCs
|
• Douro and Dão: Touriga Nacional, Tinto Roriz
• Douro and Tejo: Aragonez • Bairrada: Baga • Colares: Ramisco • Alentejo and Southern Portugal: Trincadeira • Southern Portugal: Castelão |
|
|
Primary white varietials of Port?
|
— Arinto
— Malvasia Fino — Rabigato — Viosinho |
|
|
Primary red varietials of Port?
|
— Touriga Nacional
— Touriga Francesa — Tinta Cão — Tinta Roriz — Tinta Baroca — Tinta Francisca — Sousão |
|
|
Port: Fortification method
|
• Pipe: traditional Port cask holding 550 liters
• Fortification: 440 liters of wine is added to 110 liters of Aguardente (neutral grape spirit at 77%) • Alcohol level is reduced to app. 20% ABV • Timing of fortification based on the sugar reading not alcoholic strength of the fermenting wine. • Alcohol level of fermenting must is app. 6–8% ABV |
|
|
What is the Vila Nova de Gaia
|
• Classic center of Port trade
• A suburb of Oporto where many of the warehouses of the Port lodges are located • The cooler climate near the coast is optimal for maturing the young wines in cask |
|
|
What are the two basic Port styles
|
1. Aged in barrel in lodge/generally ready to drink on release
— Examples • Ruby Port • Tawny Port • Aged Tawny Port • Late–Bottled Vintage Port 2. Aged in bottle/generally benefits from aging on release — Examples • Vintage Port • Single Quinta Port |
|
|
What are some barrel aged ports?
|
Ruby port, Tawny port, Aged tawny port, Late–bottled–vintage port
|
|
|
Ruby port
|
• The house wine of each lodge
• Product of multiple vintages and vineyard sources • Maintaining consistent house style important • Aged in bulk for 2–3 years and bottled when young • Quality: producer is the bottom line |
|
|
Tawny port
|
• Inexpensive blends of white and red wines
• Produced from lesser vintages and vineyards sources • Auto–vinification often used during production • Popular as an apéritif in France |
|
|
Aged tawny port
|
• True tawnies matured entirely in cask
• After six years in cask the wines take on smooth, creamy character, fruitcake spices. • Produced from top wines/vineyard sites. • Age declarations: 10 years, 20 years, 30 years, 40 years • Colheita: a vintage tawny with a minimum of seven years cask aging |
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|
Late–Bottled–Vintage port
|
• Fruit sourced from top quintas
• Aged 4–6 years in cask • Vintage and bottling years must be declared on the label • Filtered vs. unfiltered wines • Some are age–worthy |
|
|
What are some bottle aged ports?
|
Vintage port, single quinta port
|
|
|
Vintage port
|
• Accounts for less than 3% of all port
• The most expensive wines – but the simplest to make (two years wood aging) • Produced from top vineyards (quintas) • Vintages must be declared by shippers and approved by the IVP • Quality of vintage and current market conditions are criteria for declaring vintage |
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|
Single Quinta port
|
• Fruit sourced from best quintas–vineyards
• Usually produced in non–declared vintages • Must state vintage on the label • Age–worthy • Excellent values |
|
|
Highly regarded Port vintages (declared by the IVP since 1970)
|
1970, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985, 19991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2007
|
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|
Where is Madeira located?
|
west of Portugal
|
|
|
Madiera Grapes
|
• Sercial
• Verdelho • Boal • Malvasia (Malmsey) • Tinta Negra Mole (85% of planting) |
|
|
Climate, soil, and grapes of Madiera?
|
• Subtropical – warm temperatures offset by winds/proximity to ocean and humidity
• Volcanic, highly fertile • Mountainous terrain Sercial, Verdelho, Boal, Malvasia (Malmsey), Tinta Negra Mole (85% of planting) |
|
|
What is the winemaking method– Estufagem
|
• The heating process causes maderization of the wine, caramelizing the sugars and promoting
complete oxidation — The process is assisted by high alcohol & acidity levels in the wine • Canteiro: the finest wines are cask aged in warm stores — Aged for at least 2 years rather than undergoing the estufagem process • Estufa: a vat or tank heated by hot water to accelerate the maturation process — Wines are heated to approximately 120 degrees F for 3 months — Sugars are more caramelized — Acid levels and fruit are lower than canteiro wines due to the speed of aging |
|
|
Major Madiera styles
|
Most Madeiras are blended wines
• The age indication on the label represents the average age of the components • Because of the ageing process (Madeirization) the wines are exceptionally long lived |
|
|
Varietal Madiera styles
|
Sercial / Verdelho
— Dry and semi–dry Madeiras served chilled as aperitifs — Alcohol is added near the end of fermentation Boal / Malmsey — Medium sweet and sweet Madeiras served with dessert or cheese course — Fermentation is stopped by addition of spirit |
|
|
Other Madiera styles besides major and varietal
|
Frasqueira
• 100% of the stated variety, aged for a minimum 20 years in wood With Age Indication — Five Year old Reserve — 10 year old Special Reserve — 15 Year Old Extra Reserve Rainwater — Soft Verdelho–style wine from Tinta Negra Colheita — Minimum five years aging from a single vintage |
|
|
Red grape varieties of Chile?
|
75% of total plantings
— Cabernet Sauvignon — Merlot — Carmenère — Syrah — País/Criolla |
|
|
White grape varieties of Chile?
|
— Sauvignon Blanc
— Sauvignon Vert — Chardonnay — Muscat of Alexandria |
|
|
Climate of Chile?
|
• Varies from north to south (800 miles)
• Maritime in spots, cooled by the Humboldt Current, but Valle Central is desert (irrigation necessary) due to Coastal range rain shadow effect • Dramatic diurnal shift due to proximity to Andes, downdrafts and vineyard altitude |
|
|
Soil of Chile?
|
• Mostly alluvial and volcanic
• Salinity issues in areas due to irrigation • Lack of phylloxera due to isolation, mostly own–rooted vines |
|
|
Chile wine laws?
|
Denominación de Origen (DO):
• Defines: Zones, Regions and Sub–regions (larger to smaller) • Governs labelling of varieties and vintages • Only Vitis vinifera (no hybrid) grape varieties allowed • Minimum ABV 11.5% • Grape Variety: must contain minimum 75% of the stated variety • Region Name: must be minimum 75% from the stated region • Vintage: must contain minimum 75% of the stated year • Most wines conform to 85% laws determined by export markets (EU) |
|
|
White grape varieties of Argentina?
|
— Torrontés
— Muscat of Alexandria — Sauvignon Blanc — Chardonnay |
|
|
Argentina climate?
|
Mostly continental semi–desert
• Dramatic diurnal shift due to proximity to Andes Mountains downdrafts/vineyard altitude • Hail an issue • Irrigation from Andes common |
|
|
Argentina soil?
|
Mostly loose alluvial sand over clay (some chalk/limestone)
|
|
|
Wine laws of Argentina?
|
–––Reserva and Gran Reserva terms may be used for white and red
— Indicates minimum aging requirements • 80% minimum if wine is labeled by variety |
|
|
Regions of Argentina?
|
Mendoza, Salta, Patagonia
|
|
|
Argentina’s most northerly wine region?
|
Salta:
— High altitude vineyards: 5,500 — 7,800 ft. — Torrontés most important white grape — Reds: Malbec, Cabernet, Merlot, Syrah — Cafayate: important sub–region, best for Torrontés |
|
|
Argentina's most southernly wine region?
|
Patagonia:
— Rio Negro most important sub–region — Cool climate and excellent potential for Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Riesling, Muscat, Malbec and others |
|
|
Argentina's largest viticultural region?
|
Mendoza:
Over 65% of the country’s total production • Malbec most important varietal • Important sub–districts — Luján de Cujo — Uco Valley — Maipú — Tupungato — Santa Rosa — San Rafael |
|
|
Beer essential ingrediants?
|
Water, Cereal Grains, Yeast, Hops
|
|
|
Name the two beer making styles, and their differences
|
Ales: Made with top fermenting yeast that ferments quickly at warmer temperatures
Lagers: Made with bottom fermenting yeast that ferments slowly at cooler temperatures |
|
|
Examples of ales?
|
• Wheat / Weizen
• Pale Ale • India Pale Ale • Bitters • Porter • Stout • Lambic |
|
|
Examples of lagers?
|
• Pilsner
• Bock |
|
|
Components of sake?
|
Water, Rice, Yeast, Koji–kin:A mold called Aspergillus Oryzae is used to create the koji, which helps convert starches
in the rice to sugar–which can then be fermented into alcohol. |
|
|
Name the five different types of sake?
|
Junmai, Honjozo, nigori, ginjo, Daiginjo
|
|
|
What is junmai sake?
|
means pure rice. When this prefix is used on a label no distilled alcohol was added
|
|
|
What is honjoze sake?
|
at least 30% of rice polished away; a small amount of distilled alcohol is added
|
|
|
What is nigori sake?
|
milky, unfiltered, usually off–dry
|
|
|
What is ginjo sake?
|
at least 40% of rice polished away; with or without alcohol added
|
|
|
What is daiginjo sake?
|
at least 50% of rice polished away; with or without added alcohol
|
|
|
What are the factors that determine the style of a spirit?
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–The raw material–fermented beverage
–Method of production: The still and aging |
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Two types of color spirit catergories?
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White spirits (Gin, Vodka, Rum, Eaux–de–Vie, Grappa & Marc)
Brown spirits (Whiskey (Bourbon, Tennessee, Canadian, Scotch and Irish), Cognac, Armagnac, Calvados, Brandy) |
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What is vodka?
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— From grains, potatoes, grapes…
— Neutral base – can be flavored with mixers, herbs, spices, honey… — Flavored vodkas popular |
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What is gin?
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— Originally Dutch “Genever”
— Juniper flavor dominant – also coriander, orange peel, anise, cassia… — London Dry Style |
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What is Tequila/Mezcal?
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— From “heart” of blue agave plant
— All Tequilas are Mezcals, not all Mezcals are Tequila — Aging terms: Silver/Reposado/Añejo |
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What is fruit brandy or Eaux–de–Vie?
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— Clear spirit from fruit (Framboise: Raspberry, Kirsch: Cherry, Poire William: Pear,
Apple/Cider…) — Pomace (leftover solids from winemaking) — Pisco |
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What is light rum?
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— From sugar cane juice, molasses, dunder
— Color from caramel (small amount of super–premium rums are aged in barrels) |
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What is a pot still?
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• Used for richer, generally wood aged spirits
• Slower, gentler distillation with more of base alcoholic beverage’s flavors • Greater skill needed in the use of a pot still vs. continuous still |
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What are examples of pot stilled spirits?
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• Scotch Whisky
• Cognac • Armagnac |
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What is Scotch whisky?
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• Scotland!
• Single Malt vs. Blended • Regions: • Islay: most strongly flavored whiskies (of peat and sea air brine) • Highland: known for elegance, balance of heather and peat • Campbeltown: elegant peat, soft, floral…only two distilleries • Lowland: lightest whiskies used for blending |
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What is cognac?
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pot stilled spirit, Brandy Distilled twice in copper pot stills from grape
based wines– primarily from Ugni Blanc |
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What is armagnac?
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pot stilled spirit, Ugni Blanc, Baco Blanc, Folle
Blanche and Colombard,Traditionally one distillation in the traditional alambic Armagnaçais with the resultant spirit at between 52% and 72% |
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What are Apéritifs?
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appetite stimulators; Vermouth e.g. Lillet, herbal or quinine flavored e.g. Campari
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What are Digestifs?
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Digestion stimulators, Bitters e.g. Angostura, Amaro e.g. Fernet Branca
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What are types of Liqueurs?
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Liqueurs:
— Herb/Spice/Nut–based: Anisette, Benedictine (B&B), Chartreuse, Crème de Menthe, Frangelico, Galliano, Ouzo, Sambuca — Fruit–based: Triple Sec or Cointreau (oranges), Grand Marnier (oranges), Amaretto (apricot stones), Southern Comfort (peaches and neutral spirit) — Cream–based: Bailey’s — Whisky/ey Liqueurs: Drambuie, Glayva, Irish Mist — Other: Saint Germain (elderflowers), Canton (ginger) |
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What are the overall components to food and wine pairing?
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Structure, flavors, textures,
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What are three important keys to foods?
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main ingrediants, method of production, sauces
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Overview of Food & Wine pairings
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• Matching weight with weight
• Acidity needs acidity • Fish oils love acidity but hate tannins • Tannins love fat but hate fish oils • Acidity cuts saltiness • Sweets need sweets • Alcohol + spicy = fire • Spicy + sugar = no fire • Veggies and Soups can be challenging |
