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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Often called the medulla.... |
medulla oblongata |
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How long is the medulla |
about 3 cm long |
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It is the most _______ part of the brainstem and is continuous inferiorly with the _____ _____. |
inferior spinal cord |
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Contains sensory and motor tracts, cranial nerve nuclei, and related nuclei |
Medulla Oblongata |
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_________, the spinal cord blends into the medulla oblongata, but ________ several differences exist. |
Superficially Internally |
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Where is the gray matter organized into discrete nuclei? |
The medulla oblongata |
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What are clusters of gray matter composed mostly of neuron cell bodies? |
Nuclei |
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Several medullary nuclei function as.... |
centers for vital reflexes |
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Regulating heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, hiccuping, coughing, and sneezing are..... |
centers for vital reflexes in medullary nuclei |
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A diffuse system consisting of several loosely packed nuclei scattered throughout the length of the brainstem is.... |
Reticular formation |
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Reticular formation receives..... |
axons from a large number of sources, especially from nerves that innervates the face |
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Modulates and controls many functions mediated by the brainstem |
reticular formation |
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Reticular formation that sends axons to the spinal cord in a motor tract that controls.... |
Posture |
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Others send axons that reduce ______ of pain signals from the _____ _____. |
transmission spinal cord |
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Modulating the activity of cranial nuclei within the brainstem, the reticular formation coordinates the rhythmic activities of ..... |
swallowing, breathing, and heart rate |
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Controls the state of alertness and consciousness (including sleep-wake cycle)... |
reticular formation |
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Several cell types contained by the cerebellar cortex.... |
stellate, basket, granule, Golgi and Purkinje cells |
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The largest and probably most interesting cells in the CNS.... |
Purkinje cells |
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Purkinje cells receive ________ synapses, are _______ neurons |
200,000 inhibitory |
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The only cerebellar cortex neurons that send axons to the cerebellar nuclei.... |
Purkinje cells |
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Contains more neurons than the entire cerebral cortex..... |
The cerebellar cortex |
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The most inferior portion of the diencephalon that contains several small nuclei and tracts... |
hypothalamus |
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The most conspicuous nuclei, appears as bulges on the ventral surface of the diencephalon |
mammillary bodies |
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They are involved in memory, olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors... |
Mammillary bodies
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A funnel-shaped stalk.... |
infundibulum |
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The infundibulum extends from the floor of the _______ and connects it to the ______ _______. |
hypothalamus pituitary gland |
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It is a central controller of the endocrine system.... |
hypothalamus |
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Why is the hypothalamus the central controller of the endocrine system? |
It regulates the pituitary gland's secretion of hormones |
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Which functions are influenced by the hypothalamus? |
metabolism, reproduction, responses to stressful stimuli and urine production |
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The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres by a..... |
longitudinal fissure |
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The most conspicuous features on the surface of each hemisphere are numerous folds called.... |
gyri or gyrus |
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It greatly increases the surface area of the cortex |
gyri or gyrus |
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The grooves between the gyro are called..... |
sulci or sulcus |
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Extends across the lateral surface of the cerebrum from superior to inferior.... |
Central sulcus |
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Where is the central sulcus located.... |
about midway along the length of the brain |
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Anterior to the central sulcus is...... |
the precentral gyrus |
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The precentral gyrus is the ..... |
primary motor cortex |
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Posterior to the central sulcus is...... |
Postcentral gyrus |
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Postcentral gyrus is the.... |
primary somatic sensory cortex |
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True or False? The general pattern of the gyri is similar in ALL normal human brains..... |
True... |
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Variation exists between individuals and even between the two hemispheres of the SAME cerebrum..... True or False? |
True....
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Parts of the cerebrum and diencephalon are grouped together under the title.....
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Limbic system
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Plays a central role in basic survival functions such as memory, reproduction, and nutrition... |
Limbic system |
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Limbic system is involved in interpreting.... |
sensory input and emotions in general |
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What does the term limbic (border) refer to? |
deep portions of the cerebrum that form a ring around the diencephalon |
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Where is the cingulate gyrus located? |
*(Limbic system consist of) Along the inner surface of the longitudinal fissure just above the corpus callosum and the parahippocampal gyrus.... |
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Located on the medial side of the temporal lobe |
*(Limbic system consist of) parahippocmpal gyrus |
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The fornix connects the..... |
hippocampus to the thalamus and mammillary bodies |
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Structurally, the limbic system consist of various nuclei, such as anterior nuclei of the thalamus, the habenula in the epithalamus, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.... True or False? |
True.... |
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Parts of the basal nuclei such as amygdala is structurally, what the limbic system consists of... True or False? |
True...... |
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Limbic system does not consist of the olfactory cortex..... True or False? |
False....olfactory cortex IS structurally what the limbic system consist of.... |
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The meningeal membrane that is very thin, wispy.... |
Arachnoid mater (spiderlike, as in cobweb) |
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The space between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater...... |
subdural space |
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Subdural space contains.... |
only a very small amount of serous fluid |
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The third meningeal layer is...... |
pia mater |
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Bound very tight to the brain... |
pia mater |
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Where is the subarachnoid space located? |
Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater |
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Contains weblike strands of arachnoid mater and the blood vessels supplying the brain.... |
Subarachnoid space |
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What is the subarachnoid space filled with? |
CSF |
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About _____ _____% of the CSF is produced by specialized _______ cells within the ______ ventricles, with the remainder produced by similar cells in the _____ and ______ ventricles. |
80-90% ependymal lateral third forth |
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Ependymal cells, their support tissue, and the associated blood vessel are collectively called.... |
Choroid plexus |
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Choroid plexuses are formed by.... |
invaginations of the vascular pia mater into the ventricles |
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Once invaginations of vascular pia mater takes place in the ventricles what happens? |
production of a vascular connective tissue core that is covered by ependymal cells |
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Which nerves of the cranial are exclusively sensory? |
olfactory (I) and optic (II) |
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Are involved in the special senses of smell and vision.. |
olfactory (I) and optic (II) |
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Has both sensory and parasympathetic ganglia... |
vagus nerve (X) |
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Like the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves, is somatic motor..... |
vagus nerve (X) |
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Soft palate, pharynx and larynx are innervated by which nerve.... |
vagus |
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Damage to the laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve can interfere with..... |
normal speech... |
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Vagus nerve is sensory for taste from the.... |
root of the tongue |
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Vagus nerve is sensory for the _____ _____ and the _____ and transmits sensory input from receptors in the _____ _____ |
inferior pharynx larynx aortic arch |
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Monitors blood pressure and the levels of carbon dioxide, oxygen and pH in the blood.... |
Vagus nerve |
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The vagus nerve conveys sensory information from the _____ and _____ organs. |
thoracic abdominal |
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Very important in regulating the functions of the thoracic and abdominal organs |
parasympathetic part of the vagus nerve |
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Vagus nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the _____ and _____ in the _____ and to the ______ organs and ______ in the _______. |
the heart and lungs in the thorax and to the digestive and kidneys in the abdomen |
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The major relay station for sensory input that projects to the cerebral cortex is the..... |
thalamus |
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The part of the diencephalon directly connected to the pituitary gland is..... |
hypothalamus |
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The grooves on the surface of the cerebrum is called.... |
sulci or sulcus |
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The basal nuclei are located in the.... |
inferior cerebrum diencephalon midbrain |
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The most superficial of the meninges is a thick, tough membrane called..... |
dura mater |
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The cranial nerve involved in chewing food is the... |
trigeminal (V) |
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The cranial nerve involved in moving the tongue |
hypoglossal (XII) |
