Sofferman Chapter 11 Functional Organization Of Nervous Tissue

Front 1

What is a ganglion?

Back 1

A collection of neuron cell bodies

Front 2

Where are ganglions located?

Back 2

Outside of the CNS

Front 3

An extensive network of axons and, in some

cases, neuron cell bodies are called a....

Back 3

Plexus

Front 4

Where is the plexus located?

Back 4

Outside the CNS

Front 5

Large numbers of intermediate filaments

(neurofilaments) and microtubules form what?

Back 5

Bundles that organize the cytoplasm into

different regions.

Front 6

What separates abundant rough ER?

Back 6

Neurofilaments/Nissl bodies

Front 7

Where are nissl bodies primarily located?

Back 7

In the cell body and dendrites

Front 8

Nissl bodies are the primary site of?

Back 8

Protein synthesis in neurons

Front 9

Helps regulate the extracellular composition of the brain.

Back 9

Astrocytes

Front 10

How does astrocytes regulate the extracellular

composition of the brain?

Back 10

By releasing chemicals that promote the

formation of tight junctions between the

endothelial cells of capillaries.

Front 11

The endothelial cells with their tight junctions form what?

Back 11

blood-brain barriers

Front 12

What does blood-brain barriers determine?

Back 12

What substances can pass from the blood into the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 13

Whats does the blood-brain barriers protect?

Back 13

Neurons from toxic substances in the blood

Front 14

What does blood-brain barriers allows the

exchange of?

Back 14

Nutrients and waste products between neurons and the blood

Front 15

What does blood-brain barriers prevent?

Back 15

Fluctuations in the blood composition from

affecting brain functions

Front 16

What are microglia?

Back 16

Neuroglia in the CNS that become mobile and phagocytic.

Front 17

Why does microglia become mobile and

phagocytic?

Back 17

In response to inflammation

Front 18

True or False? Microglia phagocytize necrotic

tissue, microorganisms, and other foreign

substances that invade the CNS.

Back 18

True

Front 19

Numerous microglia migrate to areas damaged by what?

Back 19

infection, trauma, or stroke

Front 20

True or False? Microglia perform phagocytosis.

Back 20

True

Front 21

How can pathologist identify damaged areas in the CNS during autopsy?

Back 21

Large numbers of microglia are found in them

Front 22

The ______________ pump uses ATP to pump _____

against its concentration gradient and keep it in high concentration _____ the cell and to pump

_____ against its concentration gradient and keep it in high concentration ______ the cell.

Back 22

sodium-potassium

K+

inside

Na+

outside

Front 23

Dealing with the sodium-potassium pump, how many Na+ are transported out of the cell for each ATP molecule used?

Back 23

Three

Front 24

Dealing with the sodium-potassium pump, how many K+ are transported into the cell for each ATP molecule used?

Back 24

Two

Front 25

What is the resting potential approximately of neurons in mV?

Back 25

-70 mV

Front 26

What is the skeletal muscle fibers approximately in mV?

Back 26

-90mV

Front 27

Why is it that by convention, the potential

difference is reported as a negative number?

Back 27

The inside of the plasma membrane is negative compared with the outside.

Front 28

True or False? The greater the charge difference across the plasma membrane, the LESSER the potential difference.

Back 28

False....it is the greater the charge difference across the plasma membrane, the GREATER the potential difference.

Front 29

A cell with a resting membrane potential of -90 mV has a ________ charge difference between the inside of the cell membrane and the outside of the cell membrane than a cell with a resting membrane potential of ______.

Back 29

greater

-70 mV

Front 30

When the membrane potential becomes more POSITIVE and is the movement of the membrane potential CLOSER to zero it is.....

Back 30

Depolarization

Front 31

When the membrane potential becomes more NEGATIVE and is the movement of the

membrane potential FURTHER AWAY from zero it is.....

Back 31

Hyperpolarization

Front 32

What takes place because negatively charged molecules CANNOT follow the positively charged K+?

Back 32

A small negative charge develops inside the

plasma membrane.

Front 33

The negative charge inside of the cell attracts...

Back 33

positively charged K+

Front 34

When is an equilibrium established?

Back 34

When the negative charge inside the cell is great enough to prevent additional K+ form diffusing out of the cell through the plasma membrane.

Front 35

After the repolarization phase, the plasma membrane may be slightly hyperpolarized for a short period called......

Back 35

Afterpotential

Front 36

The second part of the refractory period and it follows the absolute refectory period....

Back 36

relative refractory period

Front 37

Act as a layer of insulation, forcing the local

currents to flow from one node of Ranvier to the next

Back 37

the lipids within the membrane of the myelin sheath

Front 38

Voltage-gated Na+ channels are highly

concentrated at the _______ of ______.

Back 38

Nodes

Ranvier

Front 39

The local current quickly flows to a node and ________ the voltage-gated Na+ channels to _____, resulting in the production of an ______ _______.

Back 39

stimulates

open

action potential

Front 40

Medium-diameter, lightly myelinated axons that conduct action potentials at 3-15 m/s

Back 40

Type B fibers

Front 41

Small-diameter, unmyelinated axons that

conduct action potentials at 2 m/s or less

Back 41

Type C fibers

Front 42

Which fiber types are primarily part of the ANS?

Back 42

Type B and C

Front 43

Which internal organs are stimulated by Type B and C fibers?

Back 43

the stomach, intestines, and heart

Front 44

The responses necessary to maintain internal homeostasis....

Back 44

digestion

Front 45

True or False? The responses necessary to

maintain internal homeostasis , need not be as rapid as responses to the external environment.

Back 45

True

Front 46

Limits the length of time the neurotransmitter molecules remain bound to their receptors.

Back 46

Diffusion of neurotransmitter molecules away from the synapse and into the extracellular fluid

Front 47

It is taken up primarily by liver and kidney cells

Back 47

Norepinephrine in the circulation

Front 48

Which two enzymes convert norepinephrine into inactive metabolites?

Back 48

Monoamine oxidase and

catechol-o-methyltransferase

Front 49

Which drug increases the release and block the repute of norepinephrine?

Back 49

Cocaine and amphetamines

Front 50

Resulting in overstimulation of postsynaptic

neurons and deleterious effects on the body

Back 50

Intake of cocaine and amphetamines

Front 51

Particularly effective at treating depression and behavioral disorders.

Back 51

Drugs that block serotonin reuptake

Front 52

Results when two or more action potentials

arrive in very close succession at a single

presynaptic terminal.

Back 52

Temporal summation

Front 53

In a chemical synapse......

Back 53

Action potentials in the presynaptic terminal cause voltage-gated Ca2+

Neurotransmitters can cause ligand-gated Na+ channels to open

Front 54

Neurotransmitters can be broken down by

enzymes

Back 54

In a chemical synapse

Front 55

Neurotransmitters can be taken up by the

presynaptic terminal

Back 55

In a chemical synapse

Front 56

An inhibitory presynaptic neuron can affect a postsynaptic neuron by...

Back 56

Producing an IPSP in the postsynaptic neuron

Hyperpolarizing the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron

Causing K+ to diffuse out of the postsynaptic neuron

Front 57

Causing Cl- to diffuse into the postsynaptic

neuron is an inhibitory presynaptic neuron that can affect a postsynaptic neuron

True or False?

Back 57

True