Socioloy Exam 2

Front 1

Culture

Back 1

All the human beings learn to produce, to know, to do, to use, and to believe as they grow to maturity and live out their lives in the social groups to which they belong.

Front 2

Culture shock

Back 2

The reaction people may have when encountering cultural traditions different from their own.

Front 3

Cultural Lag

Back 3

A situation that develops when new patterns of behavior conflict with traditional values.

Front 4

Cultural Relativism

Back 4

The position that scientists doing cross-cultural research should view and analyze behavior.

Front 5

Ethnocentrism

Back 5

The tendency to judge others cultures in terms of one's own customs and values.

Front 6

Material Culture

Back 6

All the things human beings make and use, from small hand held tools to sky scrapers.

Front 7

Non-material Culture

Back 7

The totality of knowledge, beliefs, values, and rules, for appropriate behavior that specifies how a people should interact and how they may solve their problems.

Front 8

Norms

Back 8

Specific rules of behavior that are agreed upon and shared within a culture to prescribe limits of accetable behavior.

Front 9

Real Norms

Back 9

Norms that allow for differences in individual behavior. Real norms specify how people actually behave, not how they should behave under ideal circumstances.

Front 10

Ideal Norms

Back 10

Expectations of what people should do under perfect conditions, The norm that marriage will last "until death do us part" is an ideal norm in american society.

Front 11

Folkways

Back 11

Norms that permit a rather wide degree of individual interpretation as long as certain limits are not overstepped. They change with time and vary from culture to culture.

Front 12

Mores

Back 12

Strongly held norms that usually have a moral connotation and are based on the central value of the culture.

Front 13

Laws

Back 13

Formal rules adopted by a society's politcial authority.

Front 14

Taboo

Back 14

A sacred prohibtion against touching, looking at, or mentioning certain objects, acts, or people.

Front 15

Social Identity

Back 15

The statuses that define an individual. It is determined by how others see us.

Front 16

Socialization

Back 16

The long and complicated process of social interactions through which a child learns the intellectual, physical, and social skills needed to function as a memeber of society.

Front 17

Resocialization

Back 17

An important aspect of adult socilization that invloves being exposed to ideas or values that conflict with what was learned in childhood

Front 18

Personality

Back 18

The patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and feelings that are distinctive for each individual.

Front 19

Conditioning

Back 19

The molding of behaviors through repeated excericises that link a desired reaction with a specific object or event

Front 20

Concept of Self

Back 20

Awareness of the exsistence, appearance, and boundaries of ones own body. Knowledge of ones own history. Ability to refer to yourself using language and other symbols. Knowledge of ones needs and skills. The ability to take a step back and look and look at self as others do, evaluate the impression given off, and understand the feelings and attitudes that one generates in others.

Front 21

Cooleys Looking Glass Self

Back 21

The process through which we develop our sense of self. We imagine how our actions appear to others, imagine how others judge these actions, and make a self judgement based on the presumed judgements of others.

Front 22

Generalized Others

Back 22

The view points, attitudes, and expectations of society as a whole or of a general community of people that we are aware of and who are important to us.

Front 23

ID

Back 23

The drives and instincts every human inherits, but which remain unconcious.

Front 24

Ego

Back 24

Trys to mediate the internal conflict between the id and super ego and to find socially acceptable ways for the id's drives to be expressed.

Front 25

Super Ego

Back 25

Societys norms and moral values as learned primarily from our parents.

Front 26

Socializing Agents

Back 26

1. Family
2. School
3. Peer groups
4. Mass media

Front 27

Who has the greatest impact at what stages of our lives

Back 27

The Peer group has the most impact on us in socialization. This occurs during early childhood until late adulthood

Front 28

Statuses

Back 28

Socially defined postitions that people occupy

Front 29

Roles

Back 29

The culturally defined rules for proper behavior that are associated with every status.

Front 30

Status v. Roles

Back 30

Roles are the set of behaviors that belong to a status. A status is basically a part in a play and roles are the way you need to act to play the part

Front 31

Achieved Status

Back 31

Occupied as a result of the individuals actions.

Front 32

Ascribed Status

Back 32

Conferreed on us by right of birth or other significant factors not controlled by our own actions or decisoins; people occupy them regardless of their intentions.

Front 33

Social Groups

Back 33

A number of people who have a common indentity, some feelings of unity, and ceratin common goal and shared norms.

Front 34

Primary Groups

Back 34

Interaction among members who have an emotional investment in one another intimately , and who interact as total individuals rather than through specialized roles.

Front 35

Secondary Groups

Back 35

Characterized by much less initmacy among its members. It usually has specific goals, is formally organized, and is impersonal.

Front 36

Techniques of neutralization

Back 36

!. Denial of responsiblity
2. Denying the injury
3. Denial of the victim
4. Condemnation of the authorities
5. Appealing to higher principles or authorities.
pg.163

Front 37

Endomorphic

Back 37

Soft and round (Relaxed. Creatures of comfort)

Front 38

Ectomorphic

Back 38

Thin and linear. (inhibitive, secretive, and restrained.)

Front 39

Mesomorphic

Back 39

Ruggedly Muscualr. (Assertive, action oriented, and uncaring of other peoples feelings.)

Front 40

Functions of Deviance

Back 40

1. Causes the groups members to close ranks
2. Promotes the group to organize to limit future deviant acts.
3. Helps clarify for the group what it really does believe in.
4. Teaches normal behavior by providing examples of rule violation
5. In some situations tolerance of deviant behavior acts as a safety valve and actually prevents more serious instances of non conformity.

Front 41

Dysfunctions of Deviance

Back 41

1. It makes life unpredictable and people arent sure what to expect.
2. Creates confusion about norms and values of a society
3. Undermines trust.
4. Diverts valuable resources

Front 42

Deviance

Back 42

Behavior that fails to conform to the rules or norms of the group in which it occurs.

Front 43

External means of control

Back 43

Other peoples responses to a persons behavior-that is rewards and punishments.

Front 44

Internal means of control

Back 44

It operates on the individual even in the abscence of reactions by others

Front 45

Sanctions

Back 45

Rewards and penalties that a groups members use to a regulate an individuals behavior

Front 46

Postiive Sanctions

Back 46

Actions that encourage an individual to continue acting in a certain way.

Front 47

Negative sanctions

Back 47

Actions that discourage the repetition or continuation of the behavior

Front 48

Formal Sanctions

Back 48

applied in a public ritual as in the rewarding or a prize or an announcement of expulsion, and are usually under the direct or indirect contorl of authorities.

Front 49

Informal positive sanctions

Back 49

displays people use spontaneoulsy to express their approval of anothers behavior

Front 50

Informal negative sanctions

Back 50

spontaneous displays of disapproval or displeasure

Front 51

Formal positive sanctions

Back 51

Public affairs , rituals, ceremonies that express social approval of a persons behavior

Front 52

Formal negaive sanctions

Back 52

actions that express institutioinalized dissapprocal of a persons behvaior.

Front 53

Lombroso

Back 53

Believed that criminals are evolutionary throwbacks whose behavior is more apelike than human. They are driven by their instincts to engage in deviant behavior. He belived that these people could be recognized by certain physical signs. An animal like body type, head size, facial characteristics, and hair color.

Front 54

Lombroso v. Sheldon

Back 54

They both believe you can classify a criminal by their physical characteristics.

Front 55

Mertons deviant labels

Back 55

1. innovators
2. ritualists
3. retreatists
4. rebels

Front 56

innovators

Back 56

accept the culturally validated goals of success but find deviant ways of going about reaching it.

Front 57

ritualists

Back 57

individuals who reject or de emphasize the importnace of success once they realize they wil never achieve it and instead concentrate on following and enforcing rules more precisely than was ever intended.

Front 58

retreatists

Back 58

people who pull back from society all together and cease to pursue culturally legitimate goals

Front 59

rebels

Back 59

reject both the goals of what to them is an unfair social order and the institutioalized means of achieving them

Front 60

Control theory

Back 60

Believe that people are freee to violate norms if they lack intimate attachments. Without attachements people can violate norms without the fear of public dissapproval. Assumes that the dissapproval of others plays a major role in preventing deviance.

Front 61

Postiive Sanctions

Back 61

Actions that encourage an individual to continue acting in a certain way.

Front 62

Negative sanctions

Back 62

Actions that discourage the repetition or continuation of the behavior

Front 63

Formal Sanctions

Back 63

applied in a public ritual as in the rewarding or a prize or an announcement of expulsion, and are usually under the direct or indirect contorl of authorities.

Front 64

Informal positive sanctions

Back 64

displays people use spontaneoulsy to express their approval of anothers behavior

Front 65

Informal negative sanctions

Back 65

spontaneous displays of disapproval or displeasure

Front 66

Formal positive sanctions

Back 66

Public affairs , rituals, ceremonies that express social approval of a persons behavior

Front 67

Formal negaive sanctions

Back 67

actions that express institutioinalized dissapprocal of a persons behvaior.

Front 68

Lombroso

Back 68

Believed that criminals are evolutionary throwbacks whose behavior is more apelike than human. They are driven by their instincts to engage in deviant behavior. He belived that these people could be recognized by certain physical signs. An animal like body type, head size, facial characteristics, and hair color.

Front 69

Lombroso v. Sheldon

Back 69

They both believe you can classify a criminal by their physical characteristics.

Front 70

Mertons deviant labels

Back 70

1. innovators
2. ritualists
3. retreatists
4. rebels

Front 71

innovators

Back 71

accept the culturally validated goals of success but find deviant ways of going about reaching it.

Front 72

ritualists

Back 72

individuals who reject or de emphasize the importnace of success once they realize they wil never achieve it and instead concentrate on following and enforcing rules more precisely than was ever intended.

Front 73

retreatists

Back 73

people who pull back from society all together and cease to pursue culturally legitimate goals

Front 74

rebels

Back 74

reject both the goals of what to them is an unfair social order and the institutioalized means of achieving them

Front 75

Control theory

Back 75

Believe that people are freee to violate norms if they lack intimate attachments. Without attachements people can violate norms without the fear of public dissapproval. Assumes that the dissapproval of others plays a major role in preventing deviance.
Four ways to bond to society
1. attachment to others
2. commitment to conformity
3. involvment in conventional activites
4. belief in moral validity of social rules

Front 76

Theory of differential association

Back 76

Based on the idea that criminal behavior is learned in groups. When criminal behavior is learned it includes two components
1. criminal techniques (how to break into a house)
2. criminal attitudes (justification for criminal behavior)

Front 77

Labeling Theory

Back 77

The focus shifts from the deviant individual to the social process by which a person comes to be labeled as deviant and the consequnces of such labeling for the individual.

Front 78

Where does Oklahoma Rank when looking at Capital Punishment. (sheer numbers and per capita)

Back 78

Per capita - #1
Sheer Numbers - 86 3rd place

Front 79

How many executions has Oklahoma had? and Us

Back 79

Oklahoma - 86
US - 1062

Front 80

How many states use capital punishment? How many do not?

Back 80

States that use - 38 plus military and US government.

Front 81

How many people have been realeased from death row?

Back 81

Oklahoma - 8
US - 124

Front 82

When did Oklahomas first execution take place (post furman)?

Back 82

1990

Front 83

What issues surround the debate on Capital Punishment

Back 83

The execution of the mentally retarded was unconstitutional cause they didnt understand what was happening. Should you be able to execute minors or not. Is it to severe of a punishment when there have been people on death row who were later found innocent.