.sociology Unit #3 (Last Test)

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1. Bilateral Descent

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

A kinship system in which both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important.

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2. Egalitarian Family

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

An authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals.

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3. Extended Family

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

A family in which relatives— such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles—live in the same home as parents and their children.

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4. Family

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

A set of people related by blood, marriage (or some other agreed-upon relationship), or adoption who share the primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society.

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5. Fundamentalism

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

Rigid adherence to fundamental religious doctrines, often accompanied by a literal application of scripture or historical beliefs to today's world.

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6. Kinship

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

The state of being related to others.

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7. Matriarchy

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

A society in which women dominate in family decision making.

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8. Matrilineal Descent

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

A kinship system that favors the mother's relatives.

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9. Monogamy

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

A form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other.

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10. Nuclear Family

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

A married couple and their unmarried children living together.

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11. Patriarchy

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

A society in which men dominate in family decision making.

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12. Patrilineal Descent

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

A kinship system that favors the father's relatives.

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13. Polyandry

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

A form of polygamy in which a woman may have several husbands at the same time.

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14. Polygamy

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

A form of marriage in which an individual may have several husbands or wives simultaneously.

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15. Polygyny

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

A form of polygamy in which a husband may have several wives at the same time.

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16. Protestant Ethic

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

Max Weber's term for the disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and rational orientation to life emphasized by John Calvin and his followers.

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17. Religion

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

According to Émile Durkheim, a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things.

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18. Religious Belief

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

A statement to which members of a particular religion adhere.

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19. Religious Experience

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

The feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being, or of being overcome with religious emotion.

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20. Religious Ritual

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

A practice required or expected of members of a faith.

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21. Serial Monogamy

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her life, but only one spouse at a time.

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22. Social Institution

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 8

An organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.

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1. Authority

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

Power that has been institutionalized and is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised.

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2. Capitalism

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

An economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits.

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3. Charismatic Authority

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

Max Weber's term for power made legitimate by a leader's exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his or her followers.

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4. Communism

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

As an ideal type, an economic system in which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce.

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5. Credentialism

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

An increase in the lowest level of education needed to enter a field.

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6. Deindustrialization

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

The systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity, such as factories and plants.

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7. Downsizing

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

Reductions taken in a company's workforce as part of deindustrialization.

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8. Economic System

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

The social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed.

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9. Education

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

A formal process of learning in which some people consciously teach while others adopt the social role of learner.

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10. Elite Model

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

A view of society as being ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic interests.

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11. Force

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

The actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will on others.

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12. Hidden Curriculum

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

Standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools.

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13. Influence

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

The exercise of power through a process of persuasion.

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14. Laissez-Faire

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

A form of capitalism in which businesses compete freely, with minimal government intervention in the economy.

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15. Legal-Rational Authority

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

Max Weber's term for power made legitimate by law.

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16. Microfinancing

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

Lending small sums of money to the poor so they can work their way out of poverty.

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17. Monopoly

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

Control of a market by a single business firm.

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18. Pluralist Model

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

A view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government officials, so that no single group is dominant.

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19. Politics

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

In Harold D. Lasswell's words, "who gets what, when, and how”.

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20. Power

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

The ability to exercise one's will over others.

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21. Power Elite

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

A term used by C. Wright Mills for a small group of military, industrial, and government leaders who control the fate of the United States.

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22. Socialism

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are collectively rather than privately owned.

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23. Teacher-Expectancy Effect

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

The impact that a teacher's expectations about a student's performance may have on the student's actual achievements.

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24. Tracking

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

The practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria.

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25. Traditional Authority

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 9

Legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice.

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1. Birthrate

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

The number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year. Also known as the crude birthrate.

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2. Brain Drain

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

The immigration to the United States and other industrialized nations of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed in their home countries.

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3. Census

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

An enumeration, or counting, of a population.

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4. Community

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

A spatial or political unit of social organization that gives people a sense of belonging.

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5. Concentric-Zone Theory

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

A theory of urban growth devised by Ernest Burgess that sees growth in terms of a series of rings radiating from the central business district.

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6. Curanderismo

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

Traditional Latino folk practices for holistic health care and healing.

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7. Death Rate

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year. Also known as the crude death rate.

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8. Demography

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

The scientific study of population.

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9. Environmental Justice

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

A legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities and the lower classes are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards.

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10. Fertility

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

The level of reproduction in a society.

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11. Global Warming

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

The significant rise in the earth's surface temperatures that occurs when industrial gases like carbon dioxide turn the planet's atmosphere into a virtual greenhouse.

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12. Growth Rate

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

The difference between births and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants, per 1,000 population.

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13. Health

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

As defined by the World Health Organization, a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

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14. Human Ecology

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

An area of study that is concerned with the interrelationships between people and their spatial setting and physical environment.

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15. Incidence

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

The number of new cases of a specific disorder occurring within a given population during a stated period, usually a year.

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16. Industrial City

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

A city characterized by relatively large size, open competition, an open class system, and elaborate specialization in the manufacturing of goods.

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17. Infant Mortality Rate

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

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18. Life Expectancy

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

The median number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions.

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19. Morbidity Rate

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

The incidence of disease in a given population.

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20. Mortality Rate

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

The incidence of death in a given population.

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21. Multiple-Nuclei Theory

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

A theory of urban growth developed by Chauncey D. Harris and Edward Ullman that views growth as emerging from many centers of development, each of which reflects a particular urban need or activity.

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22. New Urban Sociology

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

An approach to urbanization that considers the interplay of local, national, and worldwide forces and their effect on local space, with special emphasis on the impact of global economic activity.

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23. Postindustrial City

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

A city in which global finance and the electronic flow of information dominate the economy.

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24. Preindustrial City

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

A city with only a few thousand residents that is characterized by a relatively closed class system and limited social mobility.

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25. Prevalence

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

The total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time.

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26. Sick Role

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

Societal expectations about the attitudes and behavior of a person viewed as being ill.

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27. Social Epidemiology

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

The study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population.

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28. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

The average number of children born alive to any woman, assuming that she conforms to current fertility rates.

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29. Urban Ecology

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

An area of study that focuses on the interrelationships between urban residents and their environment.

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30. Urbanism

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

A term used by Louis Wirth to describe distinctive patterns of social behavior evident among city residents.

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31. Vital Statistics

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

Records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces that are gathered through a registration system maintained by governmental units.

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32. World-Systems Analysis

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 10

Immanuel Wallerstein's view of the global economic system as divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited.

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1. Culture Lag

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 11

William F. Ogburn's term for the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions.

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2. Equilibrium Model

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 11

Talcott Parsons's functionalist view of society as tending toward a state of stability or balance.

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3. Evolutionary Theory

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 11

A theory of social change that holds that society is moving in a definite direction.

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4. False Consciousness

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 11

A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect its objective position.

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5. Luddite

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 11

Rebellious craft workers in 19th-century England who destroyed new factory machinery as part of their resistance to the Industrial Revolution.

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6. New Social Movement

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 11

Organized collective activities that address values and social identities as well as improvements in the quality of life.

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7. Offshoring

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 11

The transfer of work to foreign contractors.

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8. Relative deprivation

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 11

The conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities.

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9. Resource Mobilization

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 11

The ways in which a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel.

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10. Social Change

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 11

Significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture.

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11. Social Movement

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 11

Organized collective activities to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society.

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12. Technology

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 11

Cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires.

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13. Vested Interests

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Sociology Vocabulary Ch. 11

Thorstein Veblen's term for those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo.