Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
global stratification
|
patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole
|
|
|
high income countries
|
richest nations with the highest overall standards of living
|
|
|
middle income countries
|
nations with a standard of living about average for the whole world as a whole
|
|
|
low income countries
|
nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor
|
|
|
1/2
|
how many children who are born die before reaching age 10?
|
|
|
high income countries
|
type of income country has 18% of the world's people, 79% of global income, based on advanced technology?
|
|
|
middle income countries
|
contains about 70% of world's income, generates 20% of global income, standard of living is average
|
|
|
high income countries
|
about 50 nations
US Canada, Argentina, Chile, Western Europe, Israel, Japan, South Africa, Australia |
|
|
middle income countries
|
about 80 nations
Russia, Eastern Europe, Mexico, Peru, Brazil, Indonesia, India, Egypt |
|
|
low income countries
|
contain 12% of worlds people
generate 1% of global income low standard of living due to limited industrial technology |
|
|
low income countries
|
about 60 nations
central and east Africa and Asia, EThiopia, Banglaesh, Pakistan |
|
|
70%
|
What is the percentage of the world's 1 billion people near absolute poverty are women?
|
|
|
chattel slavery
|
in which 1 person owns another
|
|
|
because this practice is against the law almost everywhere
|
why is chattel slavery hard to estimate?
|
|
|
child slavery
|
desperate poor families let their children take to the streets to do what they can to survive, most common form of bondage
|
|
|
Latin America
|
100 million children fall into child slavery in which most prominant country
|
|
|
debt bondage
|
practice by which employers hold workers captive by paying them too little to meet their debts
|
|
|
debt bondage
|
sweatshops fall under which category of slavery?
|
|
|
servile forms of marriage
|
In India, Thailand, and some African nations, families will marry off women against their will
|
|
|
human trafficking
|
movement of women, men, children from one place to another for the purpose of performing forced labor
|
|
|
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|
In 1948 the United Nations issued _______ stating that no one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms
|
|
|
technology
population growth cultural patterns social stratification gender inequality global power relationships |
what are some of the explanations of global poverty?
|
|
|
technology
|
about 1/4 of people in low income countries farm the land using haman muscles or animal power, with limited energy sources agricultural production is modest
|
|
|
population growth
|
explains the poorest countries have the worlds highest birth rates, with such a large share of the population just entering the childbearing years, the wave of population growth will continue to roll into the future
|
|
|
cultural patterns
|
explains that poor societies are usually traditional
people who hold to long established ways of life resist change, even change that promises a richer material life |
|
|
social stratification
|
explains that low income nations distribute their wealth very unequally
|
|
|
gender inequality
|
poor societies keeps women from holding jobs, which typically means they have more children
|
|
|
global power relationships
|
explains that in the relationships between the nations of the world, wealth flowed from poor societies to rich nations through colonialism
|
|
|
colonialism
|
the process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations
|
|
|
neocolonialism
|
a new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations
|
|
|
multinational corporation
|
large business that operates in many countries
|
|
|
modernization theory
|
model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations
|
|
|
tradition
|
modernization theory identifies _________ as the greatest barrier to economic development
|
|
|
max weber
|
found that at the end of the middle ages, Western Europe's cultural environment favored change
|
|
|
Walt W Rostow
|
Identified that modernization theory occured in 4 stages
|
|
|
1950s, a time when US society was fasinated with new developments in technology
|
when and why was the modernization theory relavent?
|
|
|
traditional stage
takeoff stage drive to technological maturity high mass consumption |
what are the 4 stages of the modernization theory?
|
|
|
traditional stage
|
peoples lives are built around families and local communitites
|
|
|
take off stage
|
a market emerges as people produce goods not just for their own use but to trade with others to profit
|
|
|
drive to technological maturity
|
ideas of economic growth and higher living standards gain widespread support; schooling is widely available; social standing of women improves
|
|
|
high mass consumption
|
advanced technology fuels mass production and mass consumption as people now "need" countless goods
|
|
|
controlling population
increasing food production introducing industrial technology providing foreign aid |
what roles do rich nations play in the modernization theory?
|
|
|
dependency theory
|
model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
|
|
|
andre gunder frank
|
noted supporter of dependency theory, argues that the colonial process that helped develop rich nations also underdeveloped poor societies
|
|
|
immanuel wallerstein
|
explains global stratification using a model of the capitalist world economy, model of the capitalist world economy identified 3 categories of nations
|
|
|
rich
|
which nations are the core of teh world economy?
|
|
|
low income countries
|
which countries are the periphery of the global economy
|
|
|
remaining countries
|
which countries are the semiperiphery of the world economy?
|
|
|
narrow export oriented economies
lack of industrial capacity foreign debt |
the dependency involves what 3 factors?
|
|
|
gender
|
the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
|
|
|
gender stratification
|
unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between women and men
|
|
|
kibbutz
|
an important setting for gender research because gender equality is one of its state goals; men and women share in both work and decision making
|
|
|
Margaret Mead
|
studied 3 societites in New Guinea, research was based on the biological differences between men and women, she reasoned people everywhere should define "feminine" and "masculine" the same way
|
|
|
Arapesh
|
Mead observed men and women with remarkably similar attitudes and behavior. both sexes were cooperative and sensitive to others-she labeled them feminine
|
|
|
Mundugumor
|
headhunting and cannibalism stood in striking contrast to the gentle ways of the arapesh. this culture was masculine
|
|
|
Tchambuli
|
Much like our own culture, defined male and female differently, but the roles were reversed; females were dominant and males were submissive and emotional
|
|
|
George Murdock
|
He found some global agreement on which tasks are feminine and masculine; hunting and warfare generally fall on men, home centered tasks fall on women
|
|
|
Musuo
|
small society in China in which women control most of the property select their sexual partners and make most of the decisions about everyday life
|
|
|
Matriarchy
|
the case of the Musuo was...
a form of social organization in which females dominate males |
|
|
patriarchy
|
form of social organization in which males dominate females
|
|
|
sexism
|
the belief that one sex if innately superior to the other
|
|
|
gender roles
|
attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex
|
|
|
Janet Lever
|
concluded that boys favor team sports with complex rules and clear objectives such as scoring runs or touchdowns, girls however play team sports but these acitivities have few rules and rarely is "victory" the ultimate goal
|
|
|
women
|
what sex has now become a majority (57%) of the students on college campuses across the US?
|
|
|
Naomi Wolf
|
who came up with the term "beauty myth"
|
|
|
beauty myth
|
teaches women to measure their worth in terms of physical appearence
|
|
|
Figure has tripled to 59% to 71% of women working full time
|
what is the % of women in the US labor force working full time?
|
|
|
more than 1/2
|
How many married couples depend on 2 incomes?
|
|
|
pink collar jobs
|
secretarial work and other office work; 75% are filled by women
|
|
|
77 cents
|
what does a women make to a man's every $?
|
|
|
we claim that it is essential for family life, but people get little reward for doing it
|
what is the US contradiction of housework?
|
|
|
women earned majority of all associates and bachelors degrees
|
By 1980 who earned the majority of BAs and associates degrees?
|
|
|
1/3
|
how many women represent members of parliament?
|
|
|
colonial times
|
Since when do women serve in the US armed forces?
|
|
|
minority
|
any category of people distinguished by phyiscal or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates
|
|
|
patriarchy
|
what makes women depend on men first their fathers then their husbands for their social standing?
|
|
|
intersection theory
|
interplay of race, class and gender often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage
|
|
|
class position, race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation
|
multilayered system that provides disadvantages for some and privileges of others
|
|
|
sexual harassment
|
comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature that deliberate, repeated and unwelcome
|
|
|
violence
|
what does pornography encourage against women by portraying them as weak and undeserving of respect?
|
|
|
1/2
|
national surveys shows how much of the US think that pornography encourages people to commit rape
|
|
|
it is an artistic and free speech
|
how do people defend pornography>
|
|
|
talcott parsons
|
observed gender helps intergrate society at least in its traditional form, complementary patterns: masculine and feminine
|
|
|
complementary
|
gender forms what kind of set roles that links women and men into family units and gives each sex responsibility for carrying out important tasks?
|
|
|
Friedrich Engels
|
who said that capitalism intensifies this male domination, makes patriarchy stronger, limits peoples personal development, gives power to men to control the lives of women
|
|
|
feminism
|
advocacy of social equality for women and men in opposition to patriarchy and sexism
|
|
|
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott
|
showed the similarities between the oppression of Afican Americans and the oppression of women
|
|
|
working to increase equality
expanding human choices eliminating gender stratification ending sexual violence promting sexual freedom |
basic feminist ideas
|
|
|
working to increse equality
|
pushes for change toward social equality for women and men
|
|
|
expanding human choice
|
feminist argue that cultural ideas about gender divide the full range of human qualities into 2 opposing and limiting spheres: the female world of emotion and cooperation and the male world of rationality and competition
|
|
|
eliminating gender stratification
|
feminism opposes laws and cultural norms that limit the education, income, and job opportunities of women
|
|
|
ending sexual violence
|
feminist argue that patriarch distorts relationships between women and men, encouraging violence, against rape, domestic abuse, sexual harassment, and porno
|
|
|
promoting sexual freedom
|
feminist support a women's right to choose whether or not to have children or end pregnancy and control reproduction
|
|
|
liberal feminism
|
thinking that individuals should be free to develop their own talents and pursue their own interests
|
|
|
socialist feminism
|
envolved the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, claimed that gender equality will come about by replacing capitalism with socialism
|
|
|
radical feminism
|
seeks to elimate the concept of gender itself and to create an egalitarian and gender free society
|
|
|
instutional sexism
|
found throughout the economy with women highly concentrated in low paying jobs
|
|
|
race
|
socially constructed category of people who share bilogically transmitted traits that members of society consider important
|
|
|
caucasoid
|
people with light skin and fine hair
|
|
|
negroid
|
people with dark skin and coarse hair
|
|
|
mongoloid
|
people with yellow or brown skin and distinctive folds on the eyelids
|
|
|
6%
|
What is the percentage of the overall 3 racial categories differ of their geness?
|
|
|
ethnicity
|
shared cultural heritage
|
|
|
bilogical;cultural
|
race is constructed of...
ethnicity is constructed of... |
|
|
minority
|
any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates
|
|
|
distinct identity
|
is based on physical or cultural traits
|
|
|
subordination
|
minorities typically have lower income, lower occupational prestige, and limited schooling
|
|
|
prejudice
|
rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people
|
|
|
stereotype
|
an exaggerated description applied to every person in some category
|
|
|
social distance scale
|
measure of prejudice, refers to how closely people are willing to interact with members of some category
|
|
|
Emory Bogardus
|
came up with the social distance scale
|
|
|
racism
|
the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another
|
|
|
scapegoat theory
authoritarian personality theory culture theory conflict theory |
theories of prejudice
|
|
|
scapegoat theory
|
prejudice springs from frustration among people who are themselves disadvantaged
|
|
|
scapegoat
|
person or cateory of people, typically with little power, who other people unfairly blame for their own troubles
|
|
|
authoritarian personality theory
|
Adorno, claims that prejudice is personality trait of certain individuals, especailly those with little education and those raised by cold and demanding parents
|
|
|
culture theory
|
Bogardus, claims that prejudice is rooted in culture; we learn to feel greater social distance from some categories of people
|
|
|
conflict theory
|
claims that prejudice is a tool used by powerful people to divide and control the population
|
|
|
discrimination
|
unequal treatment of various categories of people
|
|
|
attitudes;action
|
Prejudice refers to...
discrimnation refers to... |
|
|
institutional prejudice and discrimination
|
bias built into the operation of society's institutions
|
|
|
pluralism
|
state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have social standing
|
|
|
No, because although most of us value our cultural heritage, few want to live with only people exactly like ourselves, our tolerance for social diversity goes only so far, people of various colors and culture do not have equal social standing
|
Is the US plurastic?
|
|
|
assimilation
|
process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture
|
|
|
assimilation
|
changing styles of dress, values, religion, language, and friends
|
|
|
miscegenation
|
biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories
|
|
|
segregation
|
physical and social separation of categories of people
|
|
|
hypersegregation
|
means having little contact of any kind with people beyond the local community
|
|
|
genocide
|
systematic killing of one category of people by another
|
|
|
white anglo saxon protestants
|
were not the first people to inhabit the US but they soon dominated the nation after European settlement begain, English ancestry
|
|
|
hispanic americans
|
largest racial or ethnic minority in the US
|
|
|
asian americans
|
model minority image is applied to...
|
|
|
Carmicheal and hamilton
|
according to...people are slow to condemn or even recognize institutional prejudice and discrimination because it often involves respected public officials and long established traditions
|
|
|
2/3s legally and 1/3rd illegly
|
today about 1.5 million people immigrate to the US each year
|
