Sociology Test 3

Front 1

What is the basic thesis of the book?

Back 1

Hatred can not be described purely in terms of political and religious problems. It is a part of the emotional tapestry of the brain.

Front 2

What strategy is essential to curbing hatred?

Back 2

The strategy is to focus on the common humanity and unique individuality rather than dehumanizing them.

Front 3

What is the function of the amygdala?

Back 3

It's function is to manage the lymbic system that is concerned with emotion and motivation. This is known as the primitive brain.

Front 4

What is the orbitofrontal cortex?

Back 4

It connects the primitive brain with the more modern brain.

Front 5

What is the significance of "meaning" to humans?

Back 5

We shape our lives by meaning systems of our own creation. Giving meaning is the highest capacity of the human mind.

Front 6

What are prepared fears?

Back 6

Prepared fears like fears of spiders, snakes, and worms are threatening towards our evolutionary ancestors.

Front 7

What happens when hate permeates a meaning system?

Back 7

There is virtually no limit to the atrocities we will commit.

Front 8

What is the evolutionary explanation for hatred?

Back 8

Hate prepares us for attack or anticipation of the same.

Front 9

Briefly describe the physiological explanation for fear?

Back 9

When under severe stress or fear, the brain pumps oxygen rich blood to the lower extremities to prepare for flight.

Front 10

Briefly describe the physiological explanation for anger?

Back 10

When enraged or angry, the brain pumps adrenaline rich oxygen to the upper half of the body to prepare us for fight.

Front 11

What is meant by only being able to think in generalizations and stereotypes?

Back 11

This is the inability of conceptualizing uniqueness.

Front 12

What prevails in the balance between the primitive and advanced neural system?

THIS WILL BE ON THE TEST

Back 12

The brain's capacity to mix the rational and irrational is far from neatly packaged.

Front 13

What is the preconscious alerting system?

Back 13

A fast-acting alarm for pain and danger.

Front 14

Where does hate get its power?

Back 14

Hate gets its power fro the fusion of primitive prejudice with aggression. Hate is the most intense form of primal hostility.

Front 15

What is the difficulty with self-hatred?

Back 15

This can create a dangerous feedback loop within the brain that can lead to more self-destructive behavior.

Front 16

What is meant by a theory of mind?

Back 16

This is the understanding that people have status like desires, beliefs, intentions, and that their behaviors are guided by them.

Front 17

Identify three components of morality?

Back 17

Affective

Cognitive

Behaviorial

Front 18

What is meant by Pre-Conventional morality?

Back 18

This is when rules are external to the self and we conform to avoid punishment.

Front 19

What is meant by Conventional morality?

Back 19

This is when the individual has internalized many values and obeys because of the approval they get.

Front 20

What is meant by Post-Conventional morality?

Back 20

This is when the individual defines what is right and wrong and sometimes goes behind it.

Front 21

How do social learning theories differ from other perspectives?

Back 21

Social learning theories differ because they hold morality as a situation specific behavior rather than a generalized behavior.

Front 22

What is the earliest manifestation of prosocial behavior in children?

Back 22

At least half of children 1 year old showed multiple signs of prosocial behavior.

Front 23

According to Piaget, how do people judge acts as right or wrong?

Back 23

Their choice is based on the consequence of a behavior rather than the intentions.

Front 24

Briefly explain Dodge's social information processing model?

Back 24

An individuals response to frustration or anger depends not so much on social cues but on the way the person processes information.

Front 25

How do aggressive youth evaluate the consequences of their behavior?

Back 25

Very favorably

Front 26

Distinguish between proactive and reactive aggression?

Back 26

Reactive aggression is hot, explosive, and emotional. Proactive aggression is cold, calculating, and difficult to predict.

Front 27

Distinguish between a Morality of Justice and a Morality of Care?

Back 27

M.O.J- Concentrates on retaliation, law enforcement, and reciprocity. Associated with men

M.O.C- One's responsiblity for the welfare of others prevails. Associated with women.

Front 28

Distinguish between divergent and convergent thinking?

Back 28

Divergent thinking is when you gather as much information as you can (brainstorming).

Convergent thinking is when you identify the best of all the ideas. It's when you go from the general to specific.

Front 29

What two processes are involved in creativity?

Back 29

1. Ideational fluency-how many ideas can you come up with

2. Elaboration-can you put these in practices

Front 30

What is the most common measure of creativity?

Back 30

Ideational Fluency

Front 31

Distinguish between the UCR and the NCS?

WILL BE ON TEST

Back 31

UCR- Uniform Crime Report: actual number of arrests by police

NCS- National Crime Survey: measures victimization, which is usually 4 times higher than the UCR

Front 32

Briefly describe the balanced and restorative justice model? Barge Principal

WILL BE ON TEST

Back 32

Has to do with the juvenile justice system.

1. safety for the community

2. Restitution for the victim

3. Treatment for the juvenile

Front 33

If crime and arrests are down, why do the numbers of people imprisioned continue to increase?

Back 33

People arent getting out and are serving maximum years.

Front 34

What is meant by the tipping point?

Back 34

This is when a group of unrelated cases explodes in contagion.

Front 35

How does statistical deviance differ from social deviance?

Back 35

Statistical: numerical presentation of information.

Social: When we present information that is strongly influenced by our likes and dislikes.

Front 36

List 3 social functions of deviance?

Back 36

1. Gives meaning and purpose.

2. Creates boundaries.

3. Creates opportunities.

Front 37

List two disadvantages to the medicalization of deviance?

Back 37

1. It seems to ignore free will.

2. It minimizes family system issues.

Front 38

Explain the concept of deviance as defined by Albert Bandura?

Back 38

Deviance is learned.

Front 39

Briefly explain cultural transmission theory?

Back 39

Crime or deviance is the product of decaying transitional neighborhoods.

Front 40

Explain differential association theory?

Back 40

People who are exposed to a preponderance of prosocial behavior will act in a prosocial way and vice versa.

Front 41

Briefly describe labeling theory?

Back 41

When a person is labeled a certain way, that dramatically increases the probability that those behaviors will reoccur.

Front 42

What is deterrence theory?

Back 42

The more swift, certain, and immediate the consequences, the greater the benefit.

Front 43

List three current noteworthy trends in the American Judicial System?

Back 43

1. Prison population has tripled in the last 20 years.

2. Only 1 in 10 crimes are violent.

3. Women represent 1 in 10 of the prison community.