Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
POWER
|
the ability of individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the interests they hold
|
|
AUTHORITY
|
Power that is widely perceived by the subordinates as legitimate (a government’s legitimate use of power)
|
|
GOVERNMENT
|
The enacting of policies and decisions on the part of officials within a political apparatus
|
|
POLITICS
|
The means by which power is employed to influence the nature and content of governmental activities
|
|
STATE
|
exists where there is a political apparatus (government institutions) ruling a given territory
|
|
NATION-STATES
|
a government apparatus that is recognized to have sovereign rights within the borders of a territorial area. It backs its claims to sovereignty by military power. Its citizens feel committed to its national identity. All modern states are nation states.
|
|
SOVEREIGNTY
|
a government possesses authority over an area with clear-cut borders, within which it is the supreme power
|
|
CITIZENSHIP
|
most people living within the borders of the political system are citizens
|
|
NATIONALISM
|
a set of symbols and beliefs providing the sense of being part of a single political community
|
|
CIVIL RIGHTS
|
rights of the individual in law
|
|
POLITICAL RIGHTS
|
refer to the right to take part in politics
|
|
SOCIAL RIGHTS
|
right of every individual to enjoy a minimum standard of living. Social rights are the basis of the welfare state
|
|
DEMOCRACY
|
a political system in which the people rule
|
|
PARTICIPATORY (DIRECT) DEMOCRACY
|
Democracy in which decisions are mad communally by those affected by them
|
|
LIBERAL DEMOCRACY
|
Representative multiparty democracy (such as the United States)
|
|
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
|
A system of government with a royal family whose powers are severely restricted by a constitution, which puts authority in the hands of democratically elected representatives
|
|
POLITICAL PARTIES
|
organization oriented toward achieving legitimate control of government through an electoral process
|
|
INTEREST GROUPS
|
any organization that attempts to influence elected officials to consider their aims when deciding on legislation
|
|
DEMOCRATIC ELITISM
|
the view that direct democracy is impossible because running a government requires decision-making by individual experts, not the mass of citizens. As a result, the rule of elites is inevitable. (Weber and Schumpeter)
|
|
PLURALIST THEORIES
|
continual bargaining and competition among different groups (interest groups)
|
|
POWER ELITE
|
political power is concentrated in the hands of the power elite (C. Wright Mills)
|
|
SOCIAL MOVEMENT
|
organized collective attempt to further common interests through collaborative action outside the sphere of established institutions
|
|
REVOLUTION
|
overthrow of political order by using violence
|
|
ORGANIZATION
|
organization of the group or groups involved
|
|
MOBILIZATION
|
the ways in which a group acquires sufficient resources to make collective action possible
|
|
COMMON INTERESTS
|
the common interests of those engaging in collective action, what they see as the gains and losses likely to be achieved by their policies
|
|
OPPURTUNITIES
|
chance events that may occur that provide opportunities to pursue revolutionary aims
|
|
WORK
|
carrying out tasks that require to expenditure of mental and physical effort, which has its objective the productions of goods and services that cater to human needs.
|
|
OCCUPATION
|
work that is done in exchange for a regular wage.
|
|
ECONOMY
|
consists of institutions that provide for the production and distribution of goods and services
|
|
TECHNOLOGY
|
the harnessing of science to machinery to achieve greater productive efficiency
|
|
INFORMAL ECONOMY
|
transactions outside the sphere of regular employment, sometimes involving the exchange of cash for services provided, but also often involving the direct exchange of goods or services
|
|
DIVISION OF LABOR
|
work has become divided into an enormous number of different occupations in which people specialize
|
|
ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE
|
depending on an immense number of other workers for the products and services that sustain our lives
|
|
TAYLORISM
|
scientific management
|
|
FORDISM
|
system of mass production ties to the cultivation of mass markets
|
|
ALIENATION
|
Marx
feelings of indifference or hostility not only to work, but to the overall framework of industrial production within a capitalist setting |
|
LOW-TRUST SYSTEMS
|
taylorism and fordism
jobs are set by management and are geared to machines and those who carry out the work tasks are closely supervised and are allowed little autonomy of action. The level of worker dissatisfaction and absenteeism is high, and industrial conflict is common. |
|
HIGH-TRUST SYSTEM
|
workers are permistted to control the pace and even the content of their work, within overall guidelines
|
|
STRIKE
|
a temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees in order to express a grievance or enforce a demand
|
|
UNION DENSITY
|
a statistic that represents the number of union members as a percentage of the number of people who could potentially be union members
|
|
CAPITALISM
|
a way of organizing economic life that is distinguished by the following important features: private ownership of means of production; profit as incentive; free competition for markets to sell goods, acquire cheap materials, and utilize cheap labor; and restless expansion and investment to accumulate capital.
|
|
ENTREPRENEUR
|
the boss who owns and runs the firm
|
|
MONOPOLY
|
when one firm occupies a commanding position in a given industry
|
|
OLIGOPOLY
|
a small group of giant corporations pre-dominate; firms are able more or less to dictate the terms on which they buy goods and services from the smaller firms that are their suppliers.
|
|
FAMILY CAPITALISM
|
when large firms were run either by individual entrepreneurs or by members of the same family and then passed on to their descendants
|
|
MANAGERIAL CAPITALISM
|
as managers came to have more and more influence through the agers came to have more and more influence through the growth of very large firms, the entrepreneurial families were displaced
|
|
WELFARE CAPITALISM
|
a practice that sought to make the corporation the primary shelter from the uncertainties of the market in modern industrial life
|
|
INSTITUTIONAL CAPITALISM
|
the emergence of a consolidated network of business leadership; based on the practice of corporations holding shares in other firms.
|
|
TRANSNATIONAL/MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION
|
a company that operates across many different national boundaries.
|
|
INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR
|
specialization in producinf goods for the world market that divides regions into zones of indusrial or agricultural production or high- or low-skilled labor.
|
|
ETHNOCENTRIC TRANSNATIONALS
|
company policy is set and as far as possible put into practice from a headquarters in the country of origin.
|
|
POLYCENTRIC TRANSNATIONALS
|
overseas subsidiaries are managed by local firms in each country
|
|
GEOCENTRIC TRANSNATIONALS
|
managerial systems are integrated on a global basis, and higher managers are very mobile, moving from country to country as needs dictate
|
|
AUTOMATION
|
programmable machinery
|
|
POST-FORDISM
|
a new era of capitalist economic production in which flexibility and innovation are maximized in order to meet market demands for diverse, customized products
|
|
GROUP PRODUCTION
|
collaborative work groups in place of assembly lines
|
|
QUALITY CIRCLES (QCs)
|
groups of between 5 and 20 workers who meet regularly to study and resolve production problems
|
|
FLEXIBLE PRODUCTION
|
computer-aided design; allows the customization of products
|
|
KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
|
an economy in which ideas, information, and forms of knowlesge underpin innovation and economic growth.
|
|
PORTFOLIO WORKER
|
workers that will have a number of different job skills and credentials
|